Izinhlelo Zamandla Ezimoto Zikagesi: Umhlahlandlela Ophelele Wobuchwepheshe Bebhethri Ye-EV Nokuphathwa Kwayo

Ukukhula okusheshayo kwemboni yezimoto kufake uhlelo lwezimoto zikagesi phambili kwezokuthutha zanamuhla, kuguqula indlela esicabanga ngayo ngamandla nokuhamba. Ukuqonda ukuthi uhlelo lwezimoto zikagesi lusebenza kanjani akuseyona into yokuzikhethela ezinkampanini ezihileleke ekukhiqizeni, ekuphathweni kwezimoto, noma kwingqalasizinda yamandla, njengoba ubuchwepheshe bungena kuyo yonke imikhakha yomnotho. Uhlelo lwezimoto zikagesi luhlanganisa ukusebenzisana okuyinkimbinkimbi kwamabhethri amandla aphezulu, izinto zikagesi ezihlakaniphile, nezinhlelo zekhompyutha eziyinkimbinkimbi ezihlanganyela ukunquma ukusebenza kwemoto, ukuphepha, nokuphila isikhathi eside ezimweni zangempela zomhlaba. Njengoba ukusetshenziswa kwezimoto zikagesi emhlabeni wonke kukhula ngesivinini esingakaze sibonwe, ababambiqhaza kumele baqonde ubuciko bokwakhiwa kwe-EV powertrain, ikhemistri yamabhethri, nokulawulwa kokushisa ukuze benze izinqumo ezinolwazi zokutshala imali nokusebenza. Lo mhlahlandlela obanzi uhlola zonke izingxenye ezibalulekile zohlelo lwamandla emoto kagesi, kusukela eziyisisekelo ezakhiwayo kuya kubuchwepheshe obusafufusa obuthembisa ukuguqula umhlaba wonke wemboni. Ekupheleni kwalesi sihloko, abafundi bazobe sebeqonda kahle ukuthi lezi zinhlelo zisebenza kanjani nokuthi ikusasa lithini kwezokuthutha zikagesi.

Enhliziyweni yazo zonke izimoto zikagesi zanamuhla kukhona uhlelo oluhlanganisiwe lwezimoto zikagesi olwakhiwe ngezinhlelo ezintathu eziyinhloko ezisebenza ndawonye ukuletha ukunyakaza nokusebenza kahle: ibhakede lebhethri, i-inverter, kanye nenjini kagesi. Ibhakede lebhethri lisebenza njengendawo yokugcina amandla, ligcina ugesi we-DC (direct current) onika amandla yonke imoto ezimweni ezahlukene zokushayela nasezindaweni ezehlukene. I-inverter iyithuluzi elibalulekile likagesi eliguqula ugesi we-DC ovela ebhethrini ube ngu-AC (alternating current) ukuze iqhube injini, futhi iphinde ilawule ukugeleza kwamandla ngesikhathi sokubuyisela amandla nge-regenerative braking. Injini kagesi ke iguqula amandla kagesi abe amandla omjikelezo (mechanical torque) ukuze ijikeleze amasondo, okwenza umnyombo we-EV powertrain futhi kunqume izici zokusheshisa zemoto kanye nesivinini esiphezulu. Ngasinye salezi zingxenye kumele sixhumane kahle ne-electronic control unit emotweni, esebenza njengobuchopho obuyinhloko bemoto, ilawula ukunikezwa kwamandla, ukubuyiselwa kwamandla, nokulawulwa kokushisa ngesikhathi sangempela. Ukuthembeka nokusebenza kahle kwalezi zingxenye ezixhumene ngqo kunomthelela oqondile ebangeni lokushayela, ukuzwa kokusheshisa, kanye nolwazi lonke lokuba ngumnikazi abantu abagcina beluhlola.

Ngaphezu kwe-power train eyinhloko, uhlelo lwezimoto zikagesi lubuye luhlanganise izingxenye ezisizayo ezifana ne-DC-DC converter, eyehlisa amandla kagesi aphezulu ukuze inikeze amandla izingxenye ezinamandla aphansi njengezibani, izinhlelo ze-infotainment, nama-fan okulawula isimo sezulu. I-onboard charger nayo iyingxenye ebalulekile, evumela imoto ukuthi ishaje kabusha emithonjeni yangaphandle ye-AC ngokuguqula i-AC ibe yi-DC ukuze igcine ebhethrini ngezinga elilawulwayo ukuze kuphephe futhi kuhlale isikhathi eside. Izimoto zikagesi zanamuhla nazo zihlanganisa amanethiwekhi ezinzwa ayinkimbinkimbi aqhubeka eqapha amandla kagesi, umsinga, nezinga lokushisa kuyo yonke iseli ephaketheni lebhethri, ethumela idatha kusilawuli esimaphakathi. Lezi zinzwa zithumela idatha yesikhathi sangempela ku-electronic control unit emotweni, zivumela ukulawula okunembile kokugeleza kwamandla, ukwamukelwa kokushaja, nezinqubo zokuphepha ngaphansi kwazo zonke izimo zokusebenza. Ukuqonda ukuthi lezi zingxenye zisebenza kanjani ndawonye kusiza amabhizinisi ukuthi abonge ukujula kobunjiniyela ngemuva kwayo yonke imoto kagesi esemgwaqweni namuhla futhi kunikeza ulwazi olungcono lokuthenga namasu okunakekela.

Ubuchwepheshe bamabhethri bumele umehluko obaluleke kakhulu ekwakhiweni kohlelo lwezimoto zikagesi nasekusebenzeni kwazo, buqondise ngqo ubude bebanga, izindleko, kanye nezici zokuphepha kwanoma imuphi umfuziselo wemoto kagesi. Amabhethri e-lithium-ion njengamanje ahola emakethe, enikeza ibhalansi ekahle yokuminyana kwamandla, impilo yomjikelezo, kanye nezindleko zokukhiqiza ezimotweni ezikhiqizwa ngobuningi kuzo zonke izigaba zamanani. La mabhethri asebenzisa ama-electrolyte aketshezi ukuthutha ama-ion e-lithium phakathi kwe-anode ne-cathode ngesikhathi sokushaja nokukhipha amandla, ikhemistri ecijwe emashumini eminyaka yokusetshenziswa kwezinto zikagesi zabathengi. Nokho, ubuchwepheshe be-lithium-ion bunezinkinga ezingokwemvelo, okuhlanganisa ukuwohloka kancane kancane ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ukuzwela ekushintsheni okukhulu kwezinga lokushisa, kanye nokukhathazeka ngokuphepha okuhlobene nokushisa okungalawuleki ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile zokungasebenzi kahle. Naphezu kwalezi zinselele, ukuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo kwekhemistri ye-cathode, izinto ze-anode, nokupakishwa kwamaseli kuye kwaphusha ukuminyana kwamandla e-lithium-ion ngaphezu kuka-250 Wh/kg ezimotweni eziningi ezikhiqizwayo kuyilapho kunciphisa izindleko. Imboni iyaqhubeka nokukhipha inani elengeziwe kulobu buchwepheshe obuvuthiwe ngokusebenzisa izinto ezintsha ezifana nama-anode agxile ku-silicon nama-cathode ane-nickel ephezulu.

Amabhathri esimo esiqinile (solid-state batteries) abhekwa kabanzi njengomkhawulo olandelayo wokuthuthukiswa kwezinhlelo zezimoto zikagesi, ethembisa ukuthuthuka okukhulu ekusebenzeni nasekuphepheni. Ngokufaka esikhundleni se-liquid electrolyte ngento eqinile, amabhathri esimo esiqinile ahlinzeka ngamandla aphezulu kakhulu, angase adlule ku-400 Wh/kg, kuyilapho eqeda ngokuphelele izingozi zokuvutha ezihambisana nama-liquid electrolyte ngaphansi kwezimo ezingezinhle. Abakhiqizi bezimoto abakhulu nabakhiqizi bamabhathri batshala izigidi zamadola ekucwaningeni kwama-solid-state, kulindeleke ukuthi ukuthengiswa kwenzeke eminyakeni emithathu kuya kwemihlanu ezayo, kuqale ngezigaba zezimoto zikanokusho. Ukushintshela kubuchwepheshe be-solid-state kunganciphisa kakhulu isikhathi sokushaja sibe ngaphansi kwemizuzu engu-15 ukuze kugcwaliswe ngokugcwele, futhi kunwebe ibanga lokushayela lidlule amamayela angu-600 ngokushaja okukodwa, kususwe izithiyo ezimbili ezinkulu ekwamukelweni kwezimoto zikagesi. Nokho, ukukhuliswa kokukhiqiza, ukumelana phakathi kwezingqimba (interfacial resistance), kanye nezindleko zezinto zokusetshenziswa kuseyizithiyo ezinkulu umphakathi womhlaba wonke wocwaningo ozama ukuzinqoba ngokusebenzisa isayensi yezinto ezintsha nobuchwepheshe bokucubungula. Amabhizinisi abheka lendawo kufanele alungiselele ushintsho olwenzeka kancane kancane, hhayi uguquko lwaphansi, njengoba izinga lokukhiqiza likhula eminyakeni eyishumi ezayo.

Uhlelo Lokulawula Ibhetri (BMS) ngokungangabazeki ingxenye ehlakaniphe kakhulu kunazo zonke ohlelweni lwezimoto zikagesi, lisebenza njengonogada wezempilo yebhetri, ukuphepha, nokusebenza kahle kuyo yonke impilo yemoto. I-BMS yekhwalithi ephezulu iqhubeka iqapha amandla kagesi wezinseli ngazinye, amazinga okushisa, nokugeleza kwamanje ngokunemba okuphezulu ukuze iqinisekise ukuthi zonke izinseli zisebenza ngaphakathi komkhawulo wokuphepha wazo ngaphansi kwazo zonke izimo zokushayela nokushaja. Uma noma yiphi ipharamitha iphuma emkhawulweni obekiwe, i-BMS ithatha isinyathelo sokulungisa ngokushesha, njengokunciphisa umsinga wokushaja, ukuvula izinhlelo zokupholisa, noma ukunqamula ibhetri ngokuphelele uma kutholakala iphutha elibucayi elingaholela ekulimaleni. Lokhu kuqapha ngesikhathi sangempela kuvimbela ukushaja ngokweqile, ukukhipha amandla ngokweqile, nokushisa okungalawuleki, okuyizindlela eziyinhloko zokwehluleka kumaphakethe ebhetri e-lithium-ion kanye nembangela eyinhloko yezigameko eziningi zebhetri ezimotweni zikagesi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-BMS yenza ukulinganisa kwamaseli okungenzi lutho noma okusebenzayo, iqinisekisa ukuthi wonke amaseli agcina izinga elifanayo lokushaja, okwandisa amandla asebenzisekayo futhi kwelula impilo yebhetri ngokunciphisa ingcindezi kumaseli ngamanye. Idatha eqoqwa yi-BMS iphinde inikeze ukuhlaziya okubikezelayo okusiza abaqhubi bezimpi zimoto ukuthi babikezele izidingo zokulungisa futhi bathuthukise ukusetshenziswa kwebhetri kuyo yonke imikhumbi yabo yezimoto.

Abakhiqizi abahamba phambili abafana ne-深圳市富嘉电源科技有限公司 (Fujia Power) bakhe izixazululo ze-BMS ezithuthukisiwe ezenzelwe izinhlelo ezahlukene zezimoto zikagesi, kusukela kuma-e-bike nama-golf cart kuya ezimotweni zabagibeli nezimoto zezohwebo ezisebenza ezindaweni ezinzima. Amapulatifomu e-BMS akwa-Fujia Power ahlanganisa ukuxhumana kwe-cloud namakhono e-IoT, enika amandla ukuqapha okukude, ukubuyekeza i-firmware ngokusemoyeni, kanye nokuhlaziya okubikezelayo okusiza abaqhubi bezimoto ukuthi bathuthukise amashejuli okunakekela futhi banciphise izindleko zobunikazi. Ubuchwepheshe obujulile benkampani ekwakhiweni kwe-BMS bunomthelela oqondile ezimisweni eziphephile nezisebenzayo zezimoto zikagesi ngokubhekana nezinselele ezithile zokushisa, zikagesi, nokuxhumana zamakhemikhali ahlukene amabhethri noma izinhlobo zokwakheka. Emabhizinisini afuna izixazululo ze-BMS ezithembekile zamaphrojekthi awo ezimoto zikagesi, ukuhlola imikhiqizo yakwa-Fujia Power ngokusebenzisa i-I-FUJIA BMS CATALOGUE inikeza ukubuka okuphelele kobuchwepheshe obukhona kanye nezinketho zokwenza ngendlela oyifisayo. Ukuzibophezela kwenkampani kwekhwalithi nokusungula izinto ezintsha kuyenze yaba uzakwazi othembekile kuma-OEM nama-integrator emhlabeni wonke we-EV ecosystem, njengoba kuchaziwe ku-Ngathi ikhasi elikhombisa amakhono abo ocwaningo nokuthuthukiswa kanye nezitifiketi zokukhiqiza.

Ukutholakala, isivinini, nokwethembeka kwengqalasizinda yokushaja kuthinta ngqo ukusebenza kwanoma yiluphi uhlelo lwezimoto zikagesi kubathengi namabhizinisi ngokufanayo, kuthonya izinqumo zokuthenga nokuhlela ukusebenza. Ukushaja ngokuvamile kuhlukaniswa amazinga amathathu achaza i-voltage, amandla, nokufaneleka kokusetshenziswa: I-Level 1 (120V AC), I-Level 2 (240V AC), ne-Level 3 (DC fast charging) enezimo zokusetshenziswa ezihlukile nezidingo zokufakwa. Ukushaja kwe-Level 1 kusebenzisa indawo yokuxhuma ejwayelekile yasendlini futhi kuletha cishe amamayela angu-3 kuya kwangu-5 webanga ngehora, okwenza kufanelekele ukushaja ebusuku ekhaya lapho ukunethezeka kubaluleke kakhulu kunesivinini ezidingweni zansuku zonke zokuhamba. Ukushaja kwe-Level 2, okuvame ukutholakala ezindaweni zokusebenza, emahhotela, nasezindaweni zokupaka zomphakathi, kunikeza amamayela angu-15 kuya kwangu-30 webanga ngehora futhi kuyisixazululo sokushaja esisatshalaliswa kakhulu namuhla ngenxa yokulinganisela kwezindleko nokusebenza kokufakwa ezindlini nasezikhungweni zentengiselwano. Ukushaja okusheshayo kwe-DC, okwaziwa nangokuthi i-Level 3, kungakwazi ukuletha amamayela angu-100 kuya kwangu-300 webanga ngaphansi kwemizuzu engu-30 kuye ngezinga lamandla leshaja, izinga lokwamukela imoto, kanye nesimo sokushaja nebhande lokushisa lebhethri. Inethiwekhi yomhlaba wonke yamashaja asheshayo e-DC ikhula ngokushesha emigwaqweni emikhulu yezokuthutha ukuze inike amandla uhambo lwebanga elide nokusebenza kwezimoto zezentengiselwano.

Izinga lomhlaba wonke lokuxhuma ama-charger lihlanganisa i-CCS (Combined Charging System), i-CHAdeMO, kanye nesixhumi esingeyona eyakwa-Tesla, nakuba izifunda eziningi zihlangana ku-CCS njengezinga elijwayelekile lokusebenzisana phakathi kwemikhiqizo namamanethiwekhi ahlukene. I-charger engaphakathi emotweni kagesi iguqula amandla e-AC avela eziteshini ze-Level 1 ne-Level 2 abe amandla e-DC ebhetri ngezinga elilawulwayo lamandla kanye nomfutho ukuze kusebenze ngokuphephile. Kokushaja ngokushesha kwe-DC, i-charger idlula iyunithi engaphakathi futhi ifake i-DC ngqo ebhetri ngokusebenzisa i-BMS, inika amandla amakhulu kakhulu okudlulisa adinga ukuphathwa okuhle kwe-thermal ukuze kulawulwe ukukhiqiza ukushisa. Kumabhizinisi, ukuqonda lawa mazinga okushaja kanye nezindinganiso zokuxhuma kubalulekile ekusetshenzisweni kwezimoto zohlelo, ukufaka ingqalasizinda yokushaja emsebenzini, noma ukuthuthukisa izixazululo zehadiwe nesofthiwe yamanethiwekhi okushaja. I-Fujia Power inikeza uhla olubanzi lwe-IKHATHALOGI YAMA-CHARGER E-FUJIA izixazululo ezisekela amazinga amaningi okushaja namazinga amandla, eziqinisekisa ukuhambisana ezinhlotsheni ezahlukene zezimoto nezidingo zesifunda ukuze kusetshenziswe emhlabeni wonke.

Ukulawulwa kokushisa kuyisici esibalulekile ekwakhiweni kohlelo lwezimoto zikagesi oluthinta ngqo ukusebenza kwebhethri, ukuphepha, kanye nokuphila kwalo ngaphansi kwazo zonke izimo zezulu nezindlela zokushayela. Amabhethri e-lithium-ion asebenza kahle kakhulu ebangeni lokushisa elincane, ngokuvamile phakathi kuka-20°C no-40°C, futhi ukuchayeka ekushiseni okukhulu noma emakhazini kungasheshisa ukuwohloka, kunciphise umthamo osetshenziswayo, futhi kwandise ukumelana kwangaphakathi okuphazamisa ukusebenza kahle. Izinhlelo zokulawula ukushisa ezisebenzayo zisebenzisa ukupholisa ngoketshezi noma ukushisisa ukuze zigcine iphakethe lebhethri ezingeni lokushisa elifanele, zijikeleze uketshezi olukhethekile olwakhiwe ngamashaneli phakathi kwamaseli noma ezungeze amamojula ukuze kutholakale ukusabalalisa okufanayo kokushisa. Ngokuphambene, izinhlelo ezingenzi lutho zincike ekupholiseni ngomoya noma ezintweni ezishintsha isimo, ezilula futhi zishibhile ukukhiqiza kodwa zingasebenzi kahle ngaphansi kwezimo ezinengcindezi enkulu njengokushaja ngokushesha okuphindaphindiwe noma ukushayela ngamandla ezindaweni ezishisayo. Imiphumela yokulawulwa kokushisa okungenele kungaba nzima, kuhlanganise nokuncipha kwebanga lokushayela, ukushesha kokushaja okunciphayo, ukulahlekelwa umthamo unomphela, futhi ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu, ukushisa okungalawuleki okuholela ekwehlulekeni kwebhethri okuyinhlekelele kanye nemililo elimaza impahla. Izinhlelo zesimanje zezimoto zikagesi zihlanganisa izinzwa zokushisa eziningi kulo lonke iphakethe lebhethri, zithumela idatha yesikhathi sangempela ku-BMS kanye ne-electronic control unit emotweni ukuze kulawulwe izimo zokushisa ngokusebenzayo.

Ukuphathwa kokushisa ngempumelelo nakho kwenza ukuthi kube nokukhipha amandla okuqhubekayo okuphezulu ngesikhathi sokusheshisa nokukhuphuka kwezintaba, kuthuthukise ukusebenza kwemoto ngaphandle kokubeka engcupheni ukulimala kwezingxenye noma ukuguga okusheshisiwe kwamabhetri. Uhlelo lokushisa kumele lusebenze ngokuhambisana nokulawulwa kwesimo sezulu sengaphakathi ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kukonke, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezinemozulu ehlukene kakhulu lapho ukushisisa noma ukupholisa ibhetri kungadla amandla amaningi. Ukulungisa ibhetri ngaphambi kokushaja ngokushesha, kungaba ngokuyishisisa esikhathini esibandayo noma ukuyipholisa esikhathini esishisayo, kuvumela i-BMS ukuthi yamukele amazinga okushaja aphezulu futhi yehlise isikhathi sokushaja kakhulu. Kubaqhubi bezimoto eziningi nabanikazi abazimele, ukuqonda isu lokulawula ukushisa kwemodeli ngayinye yemoto kubalulekile ekubikezeleni ukusebenza kwangempela, ekuhleleni izinhlelo zokushaja, nasekulindeleni izidingo zokunakekela ezingase zivele ngenxa yokucindezeleka kokushisa. Izixazululo ze-BMS ze-Fujia Power zihlanganisa izici ezithuthukile zokuqapha nokulawula ukushisa ezisiza abakhiqizi ukuthi bathuthukise amasu abo okulawula ukushisa ukuze baphephe futhi basebenze kahle ezimweni ezidingayo.

Uhlelo lwezimoto zikagesi luzilungiselela intuthuko eguquguqukayo edlula nje kumakhemikhali ebhetri nobuchwepheshe bamandla kagesi, luhlela kabusha indlela izimoto ezisebenzisana ngayo nengqalasizinda negridi yamandla. Ubuchwepheshe bokushaja ngokungenazintambo, obaziwa nangokuthi ukushaja ngokufakwa kwamandla, bususa isidingo sezintambo ezibonakalayo ngokudlulisa amandla ngemikhakha kazibuthe kagesi phakathi kwephedi yaphansi efakwe endaweni yokupaka nephedi yokwamukela efakwe engxenyeni engezansi yemoto. Lobu buchwepheshe buthembisa ukunethezeka okungenakuqhathaniswa kwemikhumbi yezimoto ezizishayelayo, amadepho ezohwebo, nokushaja ezindlini lapho ukuxhuma kungase kungabi lula ngokomzimba noma kube nzima kubasebenzisi abanokukhubazeka kokunyakaza. Nakuba izinhlelo zamanje zokushaja ngokungenazintambo zifeza ukusebenza kahle okucishe kube ngamaphesenti angu-90 kuya kwangu-93, ucwaningo oluqhubekayo luhlose ukuthuthukisa amazinga okudlulisa amandla kuye ku-11 kW nangaphezulu kuyilapho kunciphisa inani elengeziwe lezindleko uma kuqhathaniswa nezixazululo ezinezintambo ukuze kwenze ukuthi zitholakale emakethe ukuze zamukelwe kabanzi kuzo zonke izigaba zezimoto. Imizamo yokulinganisa yizinhlangano ezifana ne-SAE International isungula izidingo zokusebenzisana ezizosheshisa ukusetshenziswa nokwamukelwa kwabathengi kwalobu buchwepheshe.

Ubuchwepheshe be-Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) bumele olunye uguquko olukhulu, lunika amandla izimoto zikagesi ukuthi zisebenze njengezindawo zokugcina amandla ezihambayo ezingakwazi ukubuyisela amandla kugridi ngezikhathi zokufunwa okuphezulu futhi zithole imali kubanikazi bazo. Leli khono lokusuka emotweni liya kugridi liguqula izimoto zikagesi zisuke ekubeni nje abasebenzisi bamandla abangenzi lutho ziye ekubeni abahlanganyeli abasebenzayo emkhakheni obanzi wamandla, lidala imithombo emisha yemali kubanikazi bezimoto futhi lithuthukise ukuzinza kwegridi ngokusebenzisa izinsiza zamandla ezisatshalalisiwe. Izinhlelo ze-V2G zidinga ama-charger angenza kokubili (bidirectional chargers) angakwazi ukuguqula ukugeleza kwamandla, izimiso zokuxhumana ezithuthukile phakathi kwemoto, i-charger, nophethe gridi, kanye namandla e-BMS acabangela ukujikeleza okwengeziwe ebhethrini. Ukuhlanganiswa kwe-V2G nezinkundla zokuphatha ezisekelwe kwi-cloud, njengalezo ezinikezwa yi-Fujia Power ngokusebenzisa ezaboIpulatifomu yefu, yenza ukuba kube nokwazi ukuqapha ngesikhathi sangempela ukugeleza kwamandla, izinga lokushaja, nezinkomba zempilo yebhethri ezikhulisa zombili izinzuzo zomnotho nezokusebenza zokushaja okubili eziqondiswe kubaqhubi bezimoto. Uma kuhlanganiswa nokushaja okungenazintambo, i-V2G ingakwazi ukwenza ukuhweba kwamandla okuzenzakalelayo lapho izimoto zishaja futhi zikhipha amandla ngokuzimela ngokusekelwe kuzimpawu zegridi nezintandokazi zabanikazi.

I-Shenzhen Fujia Power Technology Co., Ltd. isungule uqobo lwayo njengomdlali obalulekile emkhakheni wezimoto zikagesi ngokuletha izixazululo zamandla ezenziwe ngokwezidingo ezithile zokusebenza kwezinhlaka ezahlukene zezokuthutha emhlabeni wonke. Uhlu olubanzi lwemikhiqizo yenkampani luhlanganisa amasistimu okuphatha amabhethri ama-e-bike, ama-e-moto, izimoto ze-AGV, izimoto zegalofu, kanye nezinhlelo zokushintshana ngamabhethri okwabelwana ngazo, ngayinye yakhelwe ngokubheka izidingo ezithile zamandla kagesi, amandla okugeleza, kanye nokuxhumana kwalezo zinkundla. Ngokuhlanganisa ubuchwepheshe obuthuthukile be-BMS nezixazululo zokushaja ezihambisanayo, i-Fujia Power inika amandla abakhiqizi nabaqhubi bezimoto ukuthi bafinyelele ukusebenza kahle okuphezulu, impilo yebhethri ende, nokuphepha okuthuthukisiwe kuzo zombili izinhlelo zezimoto zikagesi nezinhlelo ezincane ze-EV. Indlela yenkampani igcizelela ukwakheka ngamabhulokhi nokwenza ngokwezifiso, okuvumela amakhasimende ukuthi akhethe izingxenye ezihambisana nezimfuneko zawo eziqondile ngaphandle kokukhokhela izici noma amandla angeke adinge wona futhi akhuphula izindleko ngaphandle kwenzuzo. Isibonelo esiphawulekayo somthelela we-Fujia Power sisezinhlelweni zokushintshana ngamabhethri okwabelwana ngazo, lapho izixazululo zazo ze-BMS ziqinisekisa ukuthi izinkulungwane zamabhethri asetshenziswayo aqashwa ngamunye, alinganiselwe ngokunembile, futhi agcinwe ekude ngokuxhumana kwefu okunikeza ukubonakala kwesikhathi sangempela empilweni yebhethri.

Lolu hlelo ludinga izinqubo zokuxhumana eziqinile, ama-algorithms alinganisa kahle kakhulu isimo sokushaja, kanye nezindlela zokuvikela ezingahluleki, konke okuyizimpawu zefilosofi yobunjiniyela be-Fujia Power kanye nenqubo yokuthuthukisa umkhiqizo. Inkampani Ukusekelaikhasi linikeza imininingwane eningiliziwe yemikhiqizo, amakhathalogi adawunilodeka, nezincwadi zokusebenzisa ezisiza amakhasimende ukuthi ahlanganise izingxenye ze-Fujia ezinhlelweni zawo ngokuzethemba nangokwesekwa kwezobuchwepheshe. Emabhizinisini afuna ukuthuthukisa izingxenye zezinhlelo zezimoto zikagesi noma ukwakha imikhiqizo emisha ye-EV, i-Fujia Power imele ubambiswano olufakazelwe olunobuchwepheshe obujulile, ulwazi lwemboni, nosayizi wokukhiqiza ukuze ilethe imiphumela ethembekile ehlangabezana namazinga omkhakha wamazwe ngamazwe. Izixazululo zabo ze-BMS zokusebenzisa ukushintshana kwamabhethri okwabiwe zibaluleke kakhulu njengoba imikhakha ye-micromobility ne-last-mile delivery iqhubeka nokukhula ngokushesha ezindaweni zasemadolobheni emhlabeni wonke. Ukutshalwa kwezimali okuqhubekayo kwenkampani ku-R&D kanye nobambiswano lwezinhlelo nabakhiqizi bamabhethri abahamba phambili kubabeka endaweni enhle yokweseka izizukulwane ezilandelayo zezixazululo zokuhamba ngogesi.

Isistimu yemoto kagesi ibhekisela ekuhlanganisweni okuphelele kwezingxenye ezigcina, eziphatha, futhi zilethe amandla kagesi ukuze ziqhube imoto ngendlela ephumelelayo nephumelelayo. Ihlanganisa iphakethe lebhethri, i-inverter, imoto kagesi, Isistimu Yokulawula Ibhethri, izinto zokulawula ukushisa, kanye ne-electronic control unit emotweni ehlanganisa konke. Isistimu isebenza ngokudonsa amandla e-DC ebhethrini, iwaguqule abe i-AC nge-inverter ngefrikhwensi ne-voltage efanele, bese isebenzisa imoto ukukhiqiza i-torque yemishini ephendula amasondo. Ukubuyisela amandla nge-regenerative braking kubuyisela amandla e-kinetic ngesikhathi sokwehla kwejubane, kuwabuyisele ebhethrini nge-inverter esebenza ngendlela ephambene. Zonke izingxenye zixhumana ngenethiwekhi yezinzwa nezilawuli ezithuthukisa ukusebenza, ukusebenza kahle, nokuphepha ngesikhathi sangempela ngokusekelwe kokufakwayo komshayeli nezimo zemvelo.

I-unit yokulawula ngogesi emotweni isebenza njengomgogodla ophakathi ohlanganisa ukulethwa kwamandla, ukubuyiselwa kwamandla, kanye nokulawulwa kokushisa ngaphakathi kwe-EV powertrain ukuze kutholakale ukusebenza kahle nokusebenza ngendlela efanele. Ithola idatha kuma-sensor ahlakazekile ebhetri, injini, kanye ne-inverter ukuze ilungise umphumela we-torque, ilawule amazinga okubuyisela amandla kwe-regenerative braking, futhi icupha izinhlelo zokupholisa noma zokushisisa njengoba kudingeka ukuze ivikele izingxenye. I-ECU iphinde isebenzise izinqubo zokuphepha, njengokunciphisa umphumela wamandla uma amazinga okushisa edlula imikhawulo ephephile noma uma kutholakala amaphutha kunoma iyiphi i-subsystem. Ezinhlelweni ezithuthukile zezimoto zikagesi, i-ECU ixhumana nama-cloud platforms ukuze kwenziwe ukuxilongwa okukude, izibuyekezo ezidlula emoyeni, kanye nokuhlanganiswa kokuphathwa kwezimoto okuthuthukisa ukuthembeka kwesikhathi eside. Ngaphandle kwe-ECU esebenza kahle, lonke uhlelo lwezimoto zikagesi lungase lusebenze ngendlela engafanele, okungase kulimaze izingxenye noma kudale izingozi zokuphepha kubagibeli.

Amabhetri e-lithium-ion asebenzisa i-electrolyte ewuketshezi ukuthutha ama-ion phakathi kwama-electrode ngesikhathi sokushaja nokukhipha amandla, enikeza amandla okugcina amandla acishe abe ngu-250 Wh/kg ngezinqubo zokukhiqiza ezisunguliwe kanye namaketanga okuhlinzeka. Amabhetri asesimweni esiqinile (solid-state) afaka esikhundleni uketshezi nge-electrolyte eyinto eqinile, okungenzeka ukuthi afinyelele ngaphezu kuka-400 Wh/kg ngokuphepha okuthuthukisiwe ngenxa yokuqedwa kwezingxenye ezivuthayo eziwuketshezi. Amabhetri asesimweni esiqinile nawo athembisa ikhono lokushaja ngokushesha kanye nempilo ende yokusebenza ngoba i-electrolyte eqinile izinzile ngokwamakhemikhali kunezinye eziwuketshezi. Nokho, ubuchwepheshe besimo esiqinile bubhekana nezinselelo ezinkulu ezindlekweni zokukhiqiza, ukumelana phakathi kwezingqimba (interfacial resistance), kanye nokuthola amazinga okukhiqiza ngobuningi okusebenza kahle ngokomnotho. Iningi lochwepheshe bomkhakha balindela ukuthi amabhetri asesimweni esiqinile aqale ukusetshenziswa kwezentengiselwano ezimotweni zikagesi eziphezulu (premium EVs) eminyakeni emihlanu ezayo, kuthi ukusetshenziswa okubanzi kulandele njengoba ukukhula kokukhiqiza kuthuthuka.

Ubuchwepheshe be-Car to grid (V2G) bunika amamoto kagesi amandla okukhipha amandla agciniwe emuva kugridi kagesi ngezikhathi zesidingo esiphezulu, okudala ukugeleza kwamandla okuphindwe kabili phakathi kwezimoto nengqalasizinda. Leli khono liguqula izimoto zikagesi zibe yizimpahla zamandla ezihambayo ezingasiza ukuzinzisa imvamisa yegridi, zinciphise izingcindezi zomthwalo ophezulu kuma-transformer neziteshi zokuhambisa amandla, futhi zihlehlise ukuthuthukiswa kwengqalasizinda okubizayo. Abanikazi bezimoto bangathola imali ngokubamba iqhaza ezinhlelweni zokuphendula isidingo noma ezimakethe zamandla, benciphisa izindleko zokuba ngumnikazi wemoto nokushaja. I-V2G idinga ama-charger aphindwe kabili, izinto zikagesi zezimoto ezihambisanayo ezinamakhono athuthukile e-BMS, kanye namaphrothokholi okuxhumana ajwayelekile phakathi kwemoto, i-charger, nophathi wegridi. Lobu buchwepheshe buyisihluthulelo ekuguqukeni okubanzi kwamandla avuselelekayo ngoba bunikeza amandla okugcina aguquguqukayo angamunca ukukhiqizwa okweqile kwelanga nomoya.

Uhlelo Lokulawula Ibhetri luqhubeka luqapha amandla kagesi e-cell ngayinye, amazinga okushisa, nokugeleza kwamanje ngezilinganiso eziphezulu zokuthola noma yiziphi izimo ezingavamile ezingaholela ekwehlulekeni noma ezingozini zokuphepha. Luvimbela ukushaja ngokweqile, ukukhipha amandla ngokweqile, nokufinyezwa kwesekethe ngokunqamula ibhetri noma ukunciphisa amandla kagesi lapho amazinga edlula imikhawulo, izenzo ezenzeka ngemizuzwana ukuvimbela umonakalo. I-BMS iphinde yenze ukulinganisa kwamaseli ngendlela engasebenzi noma esebenzayo ukuze iqinisekise ukuthi wonke amaseli agcina isimo esifanayo sokushaja, okunciphisa ingcindezi kagesi nemishini kumaseli ngamanye futhi kwandise ukuphila kwephakethe. Ngokurekhoda idatha yokusebenza nokuvumela ukuhlaziywa kokuxilonga, i-BMS isiza ukubona izinkinga ezingaba khona njengokufinyezwa kwangaphakathi okusakhula noma ukuzikhipha amandla ngokweqile ngaphambi kokuba zibe izingozi zokuphepha. Ngenxa yalezi zizathu, i-BMS ithathwa njengengxenye ebaluleke kakhulu yokuphepha kunoma yiluphi uhlelo lwezimoto zikagesi, futhi ikhwalithi yokuklanywa kwayo ithinta ngqo ukuthembeka kwemoto iyonke.

Ezimikhunjini zezimoto zikagesi zezentengiselwano, ukushaja kwe-Level 2 AC ngamavolthi angu-240 kuvame ukuba yisixazululo esisebenzayo futhi esonga izindleko ebusuku noma lapho kushajwa khona ezindaweni zokupaka, kunikeza amamayela angu-15 kuya kwangu-30 webanga ngehora, okuhlangabezana nezidingo eziningi zansuku zonke zokuhamba. Nokho, izimikhumbi ezidinga ukushaja ngokushesha emini noma ezisebenzela izimoto ezihamba ibanga elide ngosuku zizuzisa kakhulu ekushajeni ngokushesha kwe-DC ngamakhilowathi angu-50 noma ngaphezulu, okungakwazi ukunikeza ibanga elikhulu ngaphansi kwemizuzu engu-30. Abaphathi bezimikhumbi abaningi basebenzisa indlela ehlanganisiwe, besebenzisa i-Level 2 ekushajeni okuvamile endaweni yokupaka kanye ne-DC fast charging ekushajeni phakathi nosuku noma ekuhambeni emizileni emide. Ukuhlelwa okufanele kuncike emazingeni okusebenza ezimoto, ubude bemizila, amandla kagesi atholakalayo, kanye nezindleko zokufaka nokusebenzisa izinhlobo ezahlukene zokushaja. I-Fujia Power inikeza izixazululo zokushaja ze-Level 2 ne-DC fast charging ezingahlelwa ngokwezidingo ezithile zezimikhumbi.

Ukulawulwa kokushisa kubalulekile ngoba amabhetri e-lithium-ion asebenza kahle kuphela phakathi kwezinga lokushisa elincane, ngokuvamile phakathi kuka-20°C no-40°C, lapho ukumelana kwangaphakathi kuncishiswa futhi ukusabela kwamakhemikhali kuqhubeka ngezinga elihle kakhulu. Ukushisa okweqile kusheshisa izinqubo zokucekeleka kwamakhemikhali ezinciphisa unomphela umthamo futhi zandisa ukumelana kwangaphakathi, kuyilapho amakhaza amakhulu enyusa ukujiya kwe-electrolyte futhi anciphisa amandla atholakalayo namandla kagesi. Izinhlelo zokulawula ukushisa ezisebenzayo ezisebenzisa ukupholisa ngoketshezi noma ukushisisa zigcina iphakethe lebhetri ezingeni lokushisa elifanele noma ngabe izimo zemvelo zinjani, ziqinisekisa ukusebenza okungaguquki kuzo zonke izimo zezulu. Ukulawulwa kokushisa okufanele nakho kunika amandla ukushaja okusheshayo ngokugcina ibhetri phakathi kwezinga lokushisa elivumela ukwamukelwa kwamandla okuphezulu ngaphandle kwengozi yokulimaza izinto zamaseli. Ngaphandle kokulawulwa kokushisa okuphumelelayo, uhlelo lwemoto kagesi lungahlushwa ubude obunciphile bokuhamba, ukusheshisa okunciphile, izikhathi ezinde zokushaja, kanye nezingozi ezikhulile zokuphepha ezibukela phansi ukwaneliseka kwamakhasimende.

Isikhathi esijwayelekile sokuphila kwebhathri ye-EV sisukela eminyakeni engu-8 kuya kwengu-15 noma amamayili angu-100,000 kuya kwangu-200,000, kuye ngendlela yokusetshenziswa, imikhuba yokushaja, kanye nekhwalithi yokuphathwa kokushisa phakathi nempilo yemoto. Iningi labakhiqizi linikeza iziqinisekiso ezihlanganisa iminyaka engu-8 noma amamayili angu-100,000, ziqinisekisa okungenani ukugcinwa kwamandla okungamaphesenti angu-70 ngaphansi kwezimo zokusetshenziswa ezijwayelekile. Izinto ezisheshisa ukuwohloka zihlanganisa ukushaja ngokushesha kwe-DC njalo ngaphezu kwamaphesenti angu-80 esimo sokugcwala, ukuchayeka emazingeni okushisa aphezulu isikhathi eside, ukukhishwa okujulile ngaphansi kwamaphesenti angu-10, kanye nokusebenza okunamandla okuqhubekayo. Ukuphathwa okufanele kwe-BMS, imikhuba yokushaja elinganiselayo, kanye nokupaka egalaji ezindaweni ezinokushisa okumaphakathi kungandisa kakhulu ukuphila kwebhathri ngale kwezikhathi zeziqinisekiso. Ngemva kokusetshenziswa ezimotweni, amabhathri amaningi athola izinhlelo zokusebenza zesibili ezikhiqizayo ezinhlelweni zokugcina amandla ezindawo ezihlala abantu, ezamabhizinisi, noma zokuphathwa kwamandla ngezinga elikhulu.

Amabhizinisi kufanele acabangele izici eziningi lapho ekhetha i-BMS, okuhlanganisa ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali ebhethri, ukuhlelwa kwamaseli ngokulandelana nangokuhambisana, amazinga kagesi namandla, kanye nezimiso zokuxhumana ezidingekayo ukuze kuhlanganiswe nomshayeli noma isilawuli sesistimu. I-BMS kufanele isekele indlela yokulinganisa edingekayo, kungaba ukulinganisa okwenziwa nge-resistor okungabizi kakhulu ezinhlelweni ezibheke izindleko noma ukulinganisa okusebenzayo kwezinhlelo ezisebenza kahle kakhulu ezikhulisa amandla asetshenziswayo. Izici zokuvikela, amakhono okuhlola, kanye nobubanzi bokusebenza kwemvelo kufanele kuhambisane nezimo zokusebenza ezihlosiwe kanye nezidingo zomthetho. Ukuhlanganiswa namapulatifomu e-cloud ukuze kuqashwe kude nokuhlaziywa kwedatha kubaluleke kakhulu kubaphathi bezimoto eziningi ezisebenza nezimoto eziningi namabhethri. I-Fujia Power ihlinzeka ngezixazululo ze-BMS ezingenziwa ngendlela oyifunayo ezichazwe kabanzi kuwebhusayithi yabo.I-BMS yama-E-bikes/E-motos/AGV vehicles ikhasi, nokubonisana nethimba labo lobunjiniyela kuqinisekisa ukuthi isistimu ekhethiwe ihambisana nezidingo ezithile zokusebenza kanye nezinhloso zokusebenza.

Izinkambu zekusasa ezithembisayo kakhulu ezinhlelweni zamandla ezimoto zikagesi zihlanganisa amabhetri esimo esiqinile anamandla aphezulu nokuphepha, ukushaja ngaphandle kwezintambo ukuze kube lula ngokuzenzakalelayo, kanye nobuchwepheshe be-vehicle-to-grid obuvumela ukuhweba ngamandla nokusekela igridi. Ubuhlakani bokwenziwa nokufunda kwemishini kuzoya ngokuya kuthuthukisa ama-algorithms e-BMS, izu lokulawula ukushisa, nezindlela zokusebenzisa amandla ngokusekelwe ekuziphatheni kokushayela nokubikezela umzila. Izinkundla zokuhlaziya ezisekelwe emafini zizokwenza ukulungiswa okubikezelwayo, ukuxilongwa kude, nokuthuthukiswa kwezimoto eziningi ngezinga elingakaze libonwe ngezakhiwo zendabuko zezimoto. Izinkampani ezifana ne-Fujia Power ziphambili ekuthuthukiseni izixazululo ze-BMS nezokushaja ezisekela lezi zinto ezintsha, njengoba kuboniswa ngezinto zazo.Izindaba ikhasi eliqokomisa intuthuko yezimboni nokuqhubekela phambili kwenkampani. Ukuhlangana kwalobu buchwepheshe kuzodala izinhlelo zezimoto zikagesi eziphephile, eziphumelela kakhulu, futhi ezihlanganiswe ngokujulile nengqalasizinda yamandla nedijithali yesikhathi esizayo.