Izinhlelo Zamandla Ezimoto Zikagesi: Izingxenye Ezibalulekile Namathiphi Okunakekela

Uhlelo lwezimoto zikagesi lumelela ushintsho oluyisisekelo kusukela ekuguqulweni kwamandla emishinini kuya kukagesi, kuthatha izinjini ezivutha ngaphakathi kufakwe izakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi zamandla aphezulu ezidinga ulwazi olukhethekile. Ukuqonda ukuthi uhlelo ngalunye lusebenzisana kanjani kubalulekile kubaqhubi bezimoto, ochwepheshe bezimoto, kanye namabhizinisi atshala imali ekuhambeni ngogesi, ngoba ubunkimbinkimbi balezi zinhlelo buthinta ngqo ukwethembeka kanye nezindleko zobunikazi. Ngokungafani nezimoto ezivamile ezincike emthonjeni owodwa wamandla kanye nohlelo lokushayela olungomshini, imoto kagesi incike kunethiwekhi ehlanganisiwe yokugcina amandla, ukuguqulwa kwamandla, kanye nezingxenye zokulawula ukushisa ezisebenza ngesikhathi sangempela. Uhlelo lwanamuhla lwezimoto zikagesi luhlanganisa konke kusukela kumaphakethe ebhethri e-lithium-ion kanye nama-inverter e-silicon-carbide kuya kuzilawuli zemoto ezihlakaniphile kanye nemijikelezo yokulawula ukushisa epholile ngoketshezi. Njengoba ukusetshenziswa kwezimoto zikagesi emhlabeni wonke kukhula ngokushesha ezingxenyeni zezohwebo nezabagibeli, ukuqonda lezi zinhlelo kubaluleka kakhulu ekuhleleni ukunakekela, ekusebenzeni kahle, kanye nokuphathwa kwezimpahla zesikhathi eside. Izibikezelo zemboni zibonisa ukuthi imakethe yamandla kagesi ezimoto zikagesi emhlabeni wonke izodlula ama-dollar ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-50 ngonyaka ka-2030, kugcizelela ukubaluleka kolwazi oluyisisekelo kulo mkhakha okhula ngokushesha.

Iphakethe lebhethri liyinhliziyo yamandla wanoma yiluphi uhlelo lwezimoto zikagesi, linquma ubude bebanga, ukusebenza kokusheshisa, kanye nokusebenza kahle kwezomnotho kwemoto kukho konke ukuphila kwayo. Izimoto zikagesi eziningi zanamuhla zisebenzisa i-lithium-ion chemistry ngenxa yokuminyana kwayo kwamandla okuphezulu, izinga eliphansi lokuzikhulula, kanye nempilo yokujikeleza engadlula imijikelezo engu-2,000 yokushaja nokukhipha amandla ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanele. Umthamo webhethri, olinganiswa ngama-kilowatt-hour (kWh), unomthelela oqondile ekutheni imoto ingahamba ibanga elingakanani ngokushaja okukodwa, njengoba izimoto zikagesi ezijwayelekile zabagibeli zisukela ku-40 kWh kumamodeli amancane kuya ngaphezu kuka-100 kWh kuma-sedan anethezekile ebanga elide namaloli ezohwebo. Umjikelezo wokuphila kwephakethe lebhethri uncike ezintweni eziningi ezihlanganisa imikhuba yokushaja, isilinganiso sokujula kokukhipha amandla, umlando wezinga lokushisa lokusebenza, kanye nekhwalithi yohlelo lokulawula ibhethri (BMS) olubhekele ukulinganisa amaseli nokulinganisa isimo. Ubuchwepheshe obuthuthukile be-BMS buqhubeka buqapha ama-voltage wamaseli ngamanye, amazinga okushisa, nesimo sokushaja ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza, kuvinjwe ukushaja ngokweqile noma ukukhipha amandla ngokujulile, futhi kuncishiswe ukuncipha kwamandla okungenakugwemeka okwenzeka ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ukuqonda okufanele kobuchwepheshe bebhethri kuvumela amabhizinisi ukuthi enze izinqumo ezinolwazi mayelana nokutholwa kwezimoto, ukutshalwa kwezimali kwingqalasizinda yokushaja, kanye nokushintshwa kwemijikelezo, ekugcineni kunciphisa izindleko zobunikazi ezimotweni zonke. Izinkampani ezifana ne-深圳市富嘉电源科技有限公司 zikhethekile ekuthuthukiseni izixazululo ze-BMS ezihlakaniphile ezinweba impilo yebhethri ezinhlelweni ezahlukahlukene zezimoto zikagesi, kusukela kuma-e-bike kuya kuma-EV ezimboni, futhi ubuchwepheshe bazo bugqamisa indima ebalulekile edlalwa yi-BMS ekukhuliseni imbuyiselo yokutshalwa kwezimali ebhethrini.

Amakhemikhali ahlukene ebhethri anikeza ukushintshana okuhlukile phakathi kokuminyana kwamandla, amandla, ukuphepha, nezindleko okuthonya ukufaneleka kwawo ezinhlelweni ezahlukene zezimoto zikagesi. Amabhethri e-lithium iron phosphate (LFP) athole ukuthandwa eminyakeni yamuva nje ngenxa yokuzinza kwawo okuhle kwe-thermal, impilo ende yomjikelezo, nezindleko eziphansi zezinto zokwakha, naphezu kokuba nomuminyana wamandla ophansi kancane kunamaseli e-nickel-manganese-cobalt (NMC). Amabhethri e-NMC ahlala eyisinqumo esivelele sezimoto zikagesi eziphezulu lapho ubude bebanga obukhulu buqalwa khona, kuyilapho i-LFP ithathwa kakhulu ezimotweni ezingenela abaqalayo nezezentengiselwano lapho ukuqina nokuphepha kubaluleke kakhulu. Iphakethe lebhethri liphinde lihlanganise izakhiwo zomshini, amapuleti okupholisa, nezici zokuphepha ezifana namavala okukhipha umfutho nezithiyo zokushisa ezivimbela ukusabalala kwezehlakalo zokushisa phakathi kwamaseli. Ukuqonda amakhemikhali athile ebhethri nokucushwa kwawo ohlelweni lwakho lwezimoto zikagesi kusiza abasebenzisi ukuthi babikezele amaphethini okuwohloka, bahlele amasu okushaja, futhi bahlele ukunakekelwa okuvimbelayo ngempumelelo. Emabhizinisini asebenzisa izinhlobo eziningi zezimoto zikagesi, ukumisa ngokufanayo ezinkundleni zebhethri ezihambisanayo kungenza lula ukuphathwa kwezingxenye zokushintsha nezidingo zokuqeqesha ochwepheshe.

I-inverter yamandla iyingxenye ebalulekile ohlelweni lwezimoto zikagesi eguqula amandla aqondile (DC) avela ebhetri abe amandla ashintshanayo (AC) ukuze asebenzise i-traction motor, kuyilapho iphinde ilawule ukuguqulwa okuhlanekezelwe ngesikhathi se-regenerative braking. Lokhu kuguqulwa kumele kwenzeke ngokulahlekelwa kwamandla okuncane ukuze kugcinwe ukusebenza kahle kwemoto yonke, yingakho ama-inverter anamuhla ezuzisa amazinga okusebenza kahle adlula 97% esebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obuthuthukile be-semiconductor njengama-IGBT noma ama-silicon carbide MOSFET. I-inverter iphinde ibhekele umsebenzi obalulekile we-regenerative braking ngokuhlanekezela ukusebenza kwayo, iguqule i-AC evela ku-motor ibuyele ku-DC ukuze ishaje ibhetri ngesikhathi sokwehla kwejubane futhi ithwebule amandla obekungazolahleka njengokushisa. Amadivayisi okushintsha amandla aphezulu (high-voltage) ku-inverter asebenza ngamaza (frequencies) asukela kuma-kilohertz ambalwa kuya ngaphezu kuka-20 kHz, enza ukulawula okunembile kwe-torque ye-motor nejubane kuyilapho kunciphisa umsindo ozwakalayo nama-harmonics kagesi. I-electronic control unit emotweni ixhumanisa ukusebenza kwe-inverter ngama-algorithm ayinkimbinkimbi e-field-oriented control, iqinisekisa ukulethwa kwe-torque okubushelelezi kuzo zonke izimo zokushayela futhi ithuthukise ukugeleza kwamandla phakathi kwebhetri ne-motor. Njengoba ubuchwepheshe be-EV buqhubeka nokuthuthuka, imiklamo yama-inverter iyaqhubeka nokuthuthuka ngama-wide-bandgap semiconductors anciphisa ukulahlekelwa kokushintsha, avumela amazinga okushisa aphezulu okusebenza, futhi asekele izakhiwo zamandla aphezulu ukuze kushajwe ngokushesha. Ukusebenza kahle nokuthembeka kwe-inverter yamandla kuthinta ngqo ibanga lemoto, ukuvumelana kokusheshisa, kanye nolwazi lokushayela oluphelele abasebenzisi abalulindele kuma-EV anamuhla.

Ishaja esemotweni ivumela imoto kagesi ukuthi ixhumeke emithonjeni yamandla angaphandle ukuze ishajwe, iguqule i-alternating current evela kugridi ibe i-direct current ngamazinga afanele e-voltage ne-current ebhethri. Izinqubo zokushaja ziyahlukahluka kakhulu ngokwesifunda nangokwezinga, lapho i-Level 1 (120 V AC) inikeza amamayela angu-2-5 webanga ngehora, i-Level 2 (240 V AC) iletha amamayela angu-10-30 ngehora, kanti ukushaja okusheshayo kwe-DC kwengeza amamayela angu-100-200 cishe ngemizuzu engu-30 kuye ngemoto namandla eshaja. Izici zokuphepha ngaphakathi kweshaja esemotweni zihlanganisa ukutholwa kwamaphutha omhlabathi, ukuvikelwa kokugcwala ngokweqile, ukuqapha kokuhlukaniswa, nezinzwa zokushisa ezivimbela izimo eziyingozi ezifana nokushisa ngokweqile noma ukugqashuka kukagesi ngesikhathi sokushaja. Umqondo wobuchwepheshe be-car to grid, owaziwa nangokuthi i-vehicle-to-grid (V2G), uvumela ukugeleza kwamandla ngakubili lapho ama-EV engakwazi ukukhipha amandla agciniwe abuyele kugridi yezinsiza ngezikhathi zokufunwa okuphezulu, okudala amathuba amasha emali engenayo kubaqhubi bezimoto. Leli khono liguqula uhlelo lwezimoto zikagesi kusuka ekubeni umsebenzisi wamandla ongenzi lutho libe yimpahla esebenzayo yegridi, lisiza izinsiza ukuthi zilinganise ukunikezwa nokufunwa kuyilapho zinciphisa isidingo sezitshalo ezibizayo ze-peaker. Ama-charger esimanje asemotweni afaka izinqubo zokuxhumana ezifana ne-CAN bus, i-PLC, ne-ISO 15118 ukuze axhumanise ngenethiwekhi yemoto nengqalasizinda yokushaja, enika amandla izici ezifana nokuqinisekiswa kwe-plug-and-charge nokuhlela kokushaja okuhlakaniphile. Emabhizinisini asebenzisa izimoto zikagesi, ukukhetha imishini efanele yokushaja nokuqonda amandla egridi yendawo kubalulekile ekuhleleni ukusebenza nokuqinisekisa ukuthi izimoto ziyatholakala lapho zidingeka.

Izinga lokushaja kanye nokusebenza kahle akunciki kuphela kushaja ngokwalo, kodwa futhi kuncike esimweni sebhetri, izinga lokushisa, kanye namandla ohlelo lokulawula ukushisa. Iningi lezimoto zikagesi (EVs) zilandela ijika lokushaja elijwayelekile lapho amandla okwamukela ukushaja ephezulu kakhulu lapho ibhetri ingashajwanga kangako futhi kancane kancane ehla njengoba ibhetri isondela ekugcwalisweni ukuze kuvikelwe impilo yamaseli. Ukushaja ngokushesha ngaphezu kuka-80% wokugcwala kwehla kakhulu ngesivinini, yingakho abaphathi bezimpi eziningi behlela izikhathi zokushaja ukuthi zifinyelele ku-80% kunokuba ku-100% ngaphandle uma kudingeka ububanzi obugcwele. Ukuhlanganiswa komsebenzi we-car to grid kudinga ukusebenzisana okwengeziwe kwezinto zokusebenza kanye nesofthiwe, okuhlanganisa amandla e-inverter enza kabili kanye namazinga okuxhumana negridi aqinisekisa ukuthumela kwamandla okuphephile nokuthembekile. Njengoba ukwamukelwa kwe-V2G kukhula, amabhizinisi angakwazi ukunciphisa izindleko zokushaja izimoto zawo ngokuthengisa amandla agciniwe emuva kugridi ngezikhathi zamanani aphezulu, okwenza izimoto zikagesi zibe yizimpahla zamandla ezihambayo. Ukuqonda lezi zinqubo zokushaja kusiza abaphathi bezimoto ukuthi balungiselele izikhathi zokushaja, banciphise izindleko zikagesi, futhi bandise impilo yebhetri ngokusebenzisa izindlela zokushaja ezilawulwayo.

Isilawuli senjini yimoto sisebenza njengobuchopho bamandla emoto kagesi (EV), sihunyusha okokufaka komshayeli kube yimiyalo kagesi enembile enquma ukuthi injini yokudonsa iziphatha kanjani kuzo zonke izimo zokushayela. Leli thuluzi lokulawula elekhthronikhi emotweni licubungula amasignali avela kusenzwa sendawo yokucindezela i-accelerator, izinzwa zezinhlelo zamabhuleki, izinzwa zejubane lamasondo, kanye nolunye okokufaka oluhlukahlukene ukuze libale ithorque nejubane elidingekayo ngaso leso sikhathi. Ama-algorithms okulawula okugxilwe ensimini (field-oriented control) avumela ukusebenza kwenjini okubushelelezi nokusebenza kahle kulo lonke uhla lwejubane, kukhuliswa kokubili ukusebenza kahle ngebanga nokusebenza kahle ngokugcina ukuqondana kwe-magnetic flux okufanele ngaphakathi kwenjini. Ukubhuleka okubuyisela amandla (regenerative braking) kungumsebenzi obalulekile olawulwa isilawuli senjini, sithwebula amandla okunyakaza ngesikhathi sokwehla kwejubane futhi siwabuyisele ebhetri ngokusebenzisa i-inverter esebenza ngendlela ephambene. Ukusebenza kahle kokulethwa kwamandla kuthinta ngqo ibanga lemoto nezici zokusheshisa, okwenza ukulungiswa kwesilawuli kube yisici esibalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kwe-EV abakhiqizi abakucubungula ngokucophelela kumodeli ngayinye. Izilawuli zenjini ezithuthukile nazo zisekela izici ezinjengokulawula ukudonsa (traction control), usizo lokubamba emthambekeni (hill-hold assist), ukuguqula ithorque emasondweni (torque vectoring), nezindlela zokushayela eziguquguqukayo ezithuthukisa ukuphepha, ukushayeleka kahle, nokwaneliseka komsebenzisi. Ukuqonda amandla ohlelo lokulawula amandla emoto kagesi kusiza abaphathi bezimoto ukuthi balungise ukusebenza kwemoto ngokuya ngezidingo ezithile zokusebenza, njengokukhulisa ibanga ekusetshenzisweni kokuletha izimpahla noma ukubeka phambili ukusheshisa ezimotweni zokuphendula eziphuthumayo.

Isilawuli senjini siphinde silawule ukushintsha phakathi kokudonsa nokuvuselela kalula, kuqinisekiswa ukuthi umshayeli uthola ukusabela kwemoto okungaguquki nokubikezelwayo kungakhathaliseki izimo zokushayela. Amazinga okubhuleka okuvuselelayo avame ukulungiswa ngumshayeli noma acushwe ngabaqhubi bezimoto ukuze avumelane nezimo ezahlukene zokusetshenziswa, kusukela ekutholeni amandla amaningi ekuhambeni kokuma-ngena-kuqhubeke kuya ekunciphiseni okuncane ekuhambeni emgwaqweni omkhulu. Iyunithi yokulawula ye-elektroniki emotweni ixhumana nezinye izinhlelo zemoto ngamanethiwekhi e-CAN bus enesivinini esikhulu, yabelana ngemininingwane ngesidingo se-torque, isimo sebhetri, nezimo zokushisa ukuze ixhumanise ukusebenza kwemoto iyonke. Izilawuli zenjini ezithuthukile zifaka ama-algorithms okubikezela abheka indlela umshayeli aziphatha ngayo ngokusekelwe kudatha yokuzulazula nasezindleleni zokushayela ezingokomlando, okwenza ukusebenza kahle kwamandla kuthuthuke nakakhulu. Emabhizinisini asebenzisa izimoto zikagesi ezindaweni ezinamagquma noma ezindaweni eziminyene zasemadolobheni, ikhono lokubhuleka okuvuselelayo le-EV powertrain lingathola amandla amaningi, kunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla okuphelele ngo-15-25% uma kuqhathaniswa nokushayela emgwaqweni omkhulu. Ukuqhubeka nokuthuthukiswa kwesofthiwe yokulawula injini ngokusebenzisa izibuyekezo ezingenantambo kusho ukuthi ukusebenza kwemoto nokusebenza kahle kungathuthuka ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ngaphandle kokudinga izinguquko zehadiwe.

Ukuphathwa kokushisa ngendlela efanele kubalulekile ekugcineni ukusebenza, ukuphepha, nokuphila isikhathi eside kwazo zonke izingxenye ngaphakathi kohlelo lwezimoto zikagesi, kusukela epaketheni lebhethri kuya kwezobuchwepheshe bamandla kagesi kanye nenjini yokudonsa. Amabhethri, ama-inverter, ama-charger, nezinjini konke kukhiqiza ukushisa okukhulu ngesikhathi sokusebenza, futhi amazinga okushisa aphezulu kakhulu angasheshisa ukuwohloka kwamakhemikhali, anciphise ukusebenza kahle, noma abangele ukwehluleka kwengxenye ngokushesha uma engalawulwa kahle. Izinhlelo zokupholisa ngoketshezi yizona zixazululo ezivame kakhulu ezisetshenziswayo ezimotweni zikagesi zanamuhla, ezijikelezisa i-water-glycol coolant ngama-cold plate ahlanganiswe nama-battery module, ama-power inverter, nezindlu zezinjini ukuze kudluliselwe ukushisa kuma-radiator. Ukuphathwa kokushisa nakho kudlala indima ebalulekile ngesikhathi sokushaja ngokushesha, lapho amazinga aphezulu kagesi ekhiqiza ukushisa okukhulu ngaphakathi kwamaseli ebhethri okumele kususwe ngokushesha ukuze kugwenywe ukulinganiselwa kwezinga lokushaja nokugwema ukuguga okusheshisiwe. Izinhlelo zokushisisa ezisebenzayo, njengama-positive temperature coefficient heater noma ama-heat pump, ziqinisekisa ukusebenza kwebhethri ezindaweni ezibandayo ngokufudumalisa iphakethe ngaphambi nangesikhathi sokusebenza ukuze kugcinwe amandla futhi kunikwe amandla okubuyisela amandla okubhuleka ngokugcwele. Umklamo ofanele wokushisa unweba ukuphila kwengxenye futhi ugcine ukusebenza kwezimoto kungaguquki ezimweni ezihlukahlukene zemvelo, okubaluleke kakhulu ezimotweni zezimboni ezisebenza ezindaweni ezinemozulu ehlukahlukene. Ukuhlanganiswa kwama-algorithm ahlakaniphile okuphathwa kokushisa abikezela izidingo zokupholisa ngokusekelwe ezimweni zokushayela nezinhlelo zokushaja kumelela intuthuko enkulu kubuchwepheshe bezimoto zikagesi zanamuhla.

Amasu ahlukene okuphatha ukushisa anikeza ukuhlukahluka phakathi kobunzima, izindleko, nokusebenza kahle, abakhiqizi abacubungula lokhu ngesikhathi baklama imoto. Ukupholisa okungasebenzi kusetshenziswa amaphiko nokuhamba komoya ngokwemvelo kufanele kuphela ezingxenyeni ezinamandla aphansi, kanti ukupholisa okusebenzayo ngoketshezi olunama-chiller nama-heater kunikeza ukulawula izinga lokushisa okunembile ezinhlelweni zokusebenza ezinamandla aphezulu nokushaja ngokushesha. Ezinye izimoto zikagesi zisebenzisa izinhlelo zokupholisa ezisebenzisa i-refrigerant ezisebenzisa umjikelezo we-air conditioning wemoto ukupholisa ibhetri ngesikhathi sezinga lokushisa eliphezulu noma izimo zomthwalo ophezulu. Uhlelo lokuphatha ukushisa lubuye lusebenzisane nohlelo lokushisisa nokupholisa ingaphakathi lemoto, lusebenzisa ukushisa okungasasebenzi okuvela ku-powertrain ukufudumeza ingaphakathi nokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kwemoto iyonke. Emabhizinisini asebenzisa izimoto zikagesi ezindaweni ezishisayo, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi uhlelo lokuphatha ukushisa lugcinwe kahle kubalulekile ekuvimbeleni ukwehla kwejubane lokushaja nokonakala kwebhetri okungathinta ukutholakala kwemikhumbi. Ukuhlola izinga loketshezi lokupholisa njalo, ukuhlola amahose, nokuhlanza i-radiator kufanele kufakwe ezinhlelweni zokugcina imikhumbi ukuze kulondolozwe ukusebenza kahle kohlelo lokushisa.

Ukugcina uhlelo lwezimoto zikagesi kudinga indlela ehluke ngokuphelele uma kuqhathaniswa nezimoto ezijwayelekile, kugcizelelwa izingxenye zikagesi ezinamandla aphezulu, izinhlelo zesofthiwe, nokulawulwa kokushisa kunokushintsha uwoyela nokushintsha amabhande. Ukuhlolwa okuvamile kwempilo yebhetri ngamathuluzi okuxilonga kuvumela abasebenzisi ukuthi babone izimpawu zokuncipha kwekhono, bathole ukungalingani kwamangqamuzana ebhetri, futhi bahlele ukulungiswa ngaphambi kokuba ukuncipha kokusebenza kuthinte ukusetshenziswa kwemoto. Ukulungiswa kwesistimu yokupholisa, okuhlanganisa ukuhlola izinga loketshezi lokupholisa, ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza kwepompo, nokushintsha uketshezi lokupholisa ngokwezikhathi ezimisiwe zomkhiqizi, kuvimbela izinkinga ezihlobene nokushisa ezingaphazamisa ukuthembeka kwezingxenye futhi zisheshise ukuguga. Izibuyekezo zesofthiwe ze-electronic control unit emotweni, i-BMS, namanye amamojula okulawula ngokuvamile zithuthukisa ukusebenza kahle, zengeza izici ezintsha, zibhekane nokukhathazeka okuthile kokuphepha, futhi zicwenge ama-algorithms okushaja ukuze kuthuthukiswe impilo yebhetri. Ukuhlolwa kwezintambo zikagesi ezinamandla aphezulu kufanele kwenziwe ngezikhathi ezithile ukuze kutholakale umonakalo wokugqoka, ukugqwala kwezixhumi, noma ukuxhumana okuxekethile okungaholela ekulahlekeni kwamandla, ukugqamuka kogesi, noma izingozi zokuphepha. Emabhizinisini asebenzisa izimoto zikagesi, ukusungula uhlelo oluphelele lokulungisa ngokusekelwe ezincomweni zomkhiqizi nasezindleleni zokusebenzisa zangempela kukhulisa isikhathi sokutholakala kwemoto, kunciphisa ukulungiswa okungalindelekile, futhi kuthuthukisa inzuzo yokutshalwa kwezimali empilweni yemoto. Ukusebenzisana nabahlinzeki bezinsiza abanokuhlangenwe nakho abaqonda ubunkimbinkimbi bokulungiswa kwe-EV powertrain kunganciphisa kakhulu izingozi zokusebenza futhi kwelule impilo yezingxenye.

Ukunakekela ibhethri kufanele kunakwe ngokukhethekile ngoba iphakethe lebhethri limele ingxenye ebiza kakhulu kunazo zonke emotweni kagesi, ngokuvamile libala u-30-40% wezindleko zizonke zemoto. Ukugcina ibhethri likala phakathi kuka-20% no-80% ekusetshenzisweni kwansuku zonke, ukugwema ukuchithwa okujulile okuvamile, nokunciphisa ukuchayeka emazingeni okushisa agqamile kuyizindlela ezilula ezandisa kakhulu ukuphila kwebhethri. Ukulinganisa noma ukulinganisa amaseli nge-BMS njalo kuqinisekisa ukuthi wonke amaseli aguga ngokufanayo, kuvimbela amaseli abuthakathaka ekunciphiseni umthamo wonke wephakethe. I-electronic control unit emotweni kanye ne-BMS kufanele ihlolwe ngamakhodi amaphutha ngesikhathi sokulungiswa okuvamile, ngoba ukutholwa kwangaphambi kwesikhathi kwezinkinga ezinjengokungalingani kwamandla kamaseli noma ukukhukhula kwe-sensor yokushisa kuvumela ukulungiswa ngaphambi kokuba izinkinga zikhule. Abaqhubi bezimoto kufanele futhi baqaphe izindlela zokushaja futhi balungise amashejuli ukuze bagweme ukushaja ngezikhathi eziphezulu zokushisa komoya lapho kungenzeka. Ukubhala phansi imisebenzi yokunakekela nokulandelela izinkomba zokusebenza kwebhethri ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kunikeza idatha ebalulekile yokubikezela izidingo zokushintsha nokuthuthukisa izindleko zokuphila kwezimoto.

Uhlelo lwezimoto zikagesi luqhubeka nokuthuthuka ngokushesha, nokusungulwa kwezobuchwepheshe bamandla kusenza kube nokuthuthuka okulinganisekayo ekusebenzeni kahle, ekwehliseni izindleko, nasekukwazini ukusebenza kuzo zonke izigaba zezimoto. Ama-semiconductor ane-wide-bandgap afana ne-silicon carbide ne-gallium nitride enza ama-inverter nama-charger amancane, asebenza kahle kakhulu, anciphisa isisindo seyimoto yonke, athuthukise ukusebenza kokushisa, futhi asekele izakhiwo zamandla aphezulu ukuze kushajwe ngokushesha. Ubuchwepheshe bokushaja ngokungenazintambo buvela njengenye indlela elula kunezinhlelo ezixhunywayo, ikakhulukazi ezinhlelweni zezimoto zezinkampani lapho ukushaja okuzenzakalelayo kunganciphisa izidingo zabasebenzi futhi kuthuthukise izinga lokusetshenziswa kwezimoto. Ukuhlanganiswa kwamandla okuphakathi kwemoto negridi kulindeleka ukuthi kusheshe njengoba izinkampani zikagesi nabalawuli bethula izinhlaka ezijwayelekile zokuhweba ngamandla ngakubili, okudala imithombo emisha yemali engenayo kubaqhubi bezimoto zezinkampani. Ubuchwepheshe obuthuthukile bamabhethri, okuhlanganisa ubuchwepheshe be-solid-state ne-lithium-sulfur obusathuthukiswa, buthembisa ukunweba ibanga, ukunciphisa izikhathi zokushaja, nokuthuthukisa ukuphepha ezizukulwaneni ezizayo zezimoto. Njengoba imboni ivuthwa, ukujwayeleka kwezingxenye namaphrothokholi okuxhumana phakathi kwabakhiqizi kuzoqhubeka nokwehlisa izindleko, kuthuthukise ukusebenzisana, futhi kwenze kube lula ukunakekela izimoto eziningi ezihlukahlukene. Amabhizinisi atshala imali ekuqondeni ubuchwepheshe be-EV powertrain namuhla azoba sesimweni esingcono sokuthola izinzuzo zokusebenza nezomnotho zokuhamba ngogesi eminyakeni ezayo.

Isistimu yemoto kagesi ihlanganisa zonke izingxenye zikagesi ezinamandla aphezulu ezigcina, eziguqula, futhi zilethe amandla ukuze zihambise imoto, okuhlanganisa iphakethe lebhethri, i-inverter, ishaja engaphakathi emotweni, isilawuli senjini, kanye nezingxenye zokulawula ukushisa. Uma umshayeli ecindezela i-accelerator, i-electronic control unit emotweni ibala izidingo ze-torque futhi iyalele i-inverter ukuthi idonse amandla e-DC ebhethrini futhi inikeze amandla e-AC enjinini yokudonsa. Isistimu iqhubeka iqapha isimo sebhethri, izinga lokushisa lenjini, nezimo zokushayela ukuze ithuthukise ukusebenza kahle nokusebenza ngesikhathi sangempela. Ukubuyisela amandla nge-regenerative braking kubuyisela amandla ngesikhathi sokwehlisa ijubane ngokuguqula injini ukuthi isebenze njenge-generator, ibuyisele amandla ebhethrini. Ukuqonda ukusebenza okuhlanganisiwe kwalezi zingxenye kubalulekile ekulungiseni okusebenzayo nasekuphathweni kwezimoto eziningi.

Amabhetri amaningi anamuhla ezimoto zikagesi (EV) aklanyelwe ukuthi ahlale phakathi kweminyaka engu-8 kuya kwengu-15 noma amakhilomitha angu-160,000 kuya kwangu-320,000, kuye ngendlela yokusetshenziswa, imikhuba yokushaja, kanye nezimo zemvelo. Ukuncipha kwamandla ebhetri kuthonywa izinto ezifana nokuvama kokushaja ngokushesha, isilinganiso sokujula kokukhipha amandla, kanye nomlando wezinga lokushisa lokusebenza. Ibhetri enakekelwe kahle ohlelweni lwezimoto zikagesi ngokuvamile igcina amandla angu-70-80% omthamo wayo wokuqala ngemva kweminyaka eyishumi yokusetshenziswa. Abaqhubi bezimoto eziqashiswayo bangakwazi ukwelula impilo yebhetri ngokusebenzisa amashejuli okushaja ahlakaniphile, ukuphathwa kwezinga lokushisa, kanye nokuhlolwa okuvamile kwe-BMS okuthola izinkinga kusenesikhathi.

Ukushaja kwe-AC kusebenzisa ugesi oshintshanayo ovela kugridi futhi kuncike ku-charger engaphakathi emotweni ukuze iguqule ibe i-DC ukuze iyise ebhetri, kuyilapho ukushaja kwe-DC kuletha ugesi oqondile ngqo ebhetri, kungasebenzisi i-charger engaphakathi nhlobo. Ukushaja kwe-AC ngokuvamile kuhamba kancane futhi kusetshenziselwa ukushaja ekhaya noma emsebenzini lapho izimoto zihlala isikhathi eside. Ukushaja okusheshayo kwe-DC kungagcwalisa ibhetri kufike ku-80% phakathi nemizuzu engu-30-60 kuye ngamandla e-charger namandla emoto. I-charger engaphakathi ohlelweni lwakho lwezimoto zikagesi inquma izinga lokushaja eliphezulu le-AC imoto yakho engalikwamukela, kuyilapho ukushaja kwe-DC kulinganiswa ngemikhawulo yokushisa nokagesi yebhetri.

Ubuchwepheshe be-Car to grid, obaziwa nangokuthi i-vehicle-to-grid (V2G), bunika amandla okuhamba kabili phakathi kwemoto kagesi negridi yezinsiza, okuvumela ama-EV ukuthi akhiphe amandla agciniwe abuyele kugridi ngezikhathi zokufunwa okukhulu. Leli khono liguqula uhlelo lwezimoto zikagesi kusuka ekubeni umthwalo ongenzi lutho libe yimpahla esebenzayo yegridi engakhiqiza imali kubaqhubi bezimoto ngezinhlelo zokuhweba ngamandla noma zokuphendula isidingo. I-V2G iphinde isekele ukuzinza kwegridi ngokunikeza amandla okugcina aphendula ngokushesha asiza ukulinganisa ukushintshashintsha kwamandla avuselelekayo. Abaqhubi bezimoto banganciphisa izindleko zokushaja ngokuthengisa amandla ngezikhathi zamanani aphezulu futhi bashaje ngezikhathi zamanani aphansi, bakha umthombo wemali ovela ezimotweni zabo zikagesi.

Ukubamba amandla okubuyisela (regenerative braking) kuthatha amandla e-kinetic angalahleka njengokushisa ngesikhathi sokwehla kwejubane bese kuwaguqula abe amandla kagesi ukuze kushajwe ibhetri. Lapho umshayeli ekhulula i-accelerator noma ecindezela amabhuleki, i-motor controller ihlehlisa ukusebenza kwe-motor, iyiguqule ibe i-generator ekhiqiza ugesi ngenkathi imelana nokuqhubekela phambili kwemoto. Le nqubo iyisici esibalulekile sokusebenza kahle kwe-EV powertrain, ibuyisela amandla angandisa ibanga lokushayela ngo-10-20% ezimweni zokushayela edolobheni lapho kumiswa kaningi. Inani lamandla okubuyisela (regenerative braking force) ngokuvamile lingashintshwa umshayeli noma licushwe abaphathi bezimoto ukuze lihambisane nezintandokazi ezahlukene zokushayela nezimo zokusebenza.

Imisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu yokunakekela ihlanganisa ukuqapha impilo yebhethri ngamathuluzi okuxilonga e-BMS, ukuhlola izintambo zikagesi ophezulu ukuze kubonakale umonakalo wokugquma noma ukugqwala kwezixhumi, ukugcina uketshezi lwesistimu yokukhipha ukushisa nokusebenza kwepompo, kanye nokugcina yonke isoftwe ne-firmware isesikhathini. Ngokungafani nezimoto ezijwayelekile, izimoto zikagesi zinezingxenye ezinyakazayo ezimbalwa futhi zidinga ukunakekelwa okuncane kakhulu ngokuphelele, kodwa izingxenye ezidinga ukunakwa zikhethekile kakhulu futhi zivame ukudinga ochwepheshe abaqeqeshiwe. I-electronic control unit emotweni namanye amamojula okulawula azuza ekubuyekezweni kwesoftware ngezikhathi ezithile okuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle, ukonga amandla, nezici zokuphepha. Ukuhlolwa njalo kwesistimu yokushisa nakho kubalulekile ngoba ukushisa ngokweqile kungenye yezimbangela ezivame kakhulu zokucekeleka kwesivinini sebhethri nokonakala kwezingxenye.

Ukulawulwa kokushisa kuthinta ngqo kokubili ukusebenza kwemoto ngokushesha kanye nempilo yesikhathi eside yebhetri ohlelweni lwezimoto zikagesi. Ukushisa okweqile kusheshisa ukuwohloka kwamakhemikhali ngaphakathi kwamaseli ebhetri, kunciphisa amandla okukhipha, futhi kungadala imikhawulo yezinga lokushaja elandisa izikhathi zokushaja. Ukubanda okwedlulele kunciphisa amandla ebhetri atholakalayo, kunciphisa ukusebenza kokuphula amandla ngokuvuselela, futhi kwandisa ukumelana kwangaphakathi okunciphisa ukusebenza kahle. Izimoto zikagesi zanamuhla zisebenzisa amasistimu asebenzayo okupholisa nokushisisa ngoketshezi ukuze zigcine iphakethe lebhetri lisemazingeni okushisa afanele, ngokuvamile 20-40°C, kuqinisekiswa ukusebenza okungaguquki nokwandisa impilo yokusebenza. Ngakho-ke, ukunakekelwa okufanele kwesistimu yokushisa kubalulekile ekulondolozeni amandla ebhetri nasekugcineni ibanga lemoto ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Iyunithi yokulawula ngogesi emotweni isebenza njengendawo emaphakathi yokucubungula ehlanganisa yonke imisebenzi ye-powertrain, okuhlanganisa ukulethwa kwe-torque yenjini, ukuphinda kugcinwe amandla okuphula (regenerative braking), ukuphathwa kwebhethri, nokusebenza kohlelo lokushisa. Icubungula okokufaka okuvela kuzinzwa ezisemotweni yonke futhi isebenzisa ama-algorithm ayinkimbinkimbi okulawula ukuze ithuthukise ukusebenza kahle, ukusebenza, nokuphepha ngesikhathi sangempela. Ama-ECU amaningi angaba khona ohlelweni lwezimoto zikagesi, ngalinye linikezelwe ezingxenyeni ezithile ezingaphansi ezifana nohlelo lokuphatha ibhethri, ukulawulwa kwe-inverter, nokuphathwa kokushisa, wonke axhumana ngenethiwekhi ye-CAN bus. I-ECU iphinde iphathe imisebenzi yokuhlola, ukutholwa kwamaphutha, nokuxhumana nezinhlelo zangaphandle ezifana nengqalasizinda yokushaja namapulatifomu amafu ukuze kuqashwe kude futhi kuthuthukiswe ngaphezulu komoya (over-the-air updates).

Izitayela ezibalulekile ezizayo zihlanganisa ukusetshenziswa kwe-silicon carbide kanye ne-gallium nitride semiconductors ukuze kutholakale ama-inverter nama-charger asebenza kahle kakhulu, ukuguqukela ezakhiweni zikagesi ezingama-800V nangaphezulu ukuze kusheshiswe ukushaja, kanye nokukhula kwezinhlelo zokushaja ezingenazintambo zokusebenza kwezimoto ezizenzakalelayo. Ukuhlanganiswa kwamandla emoto ku-grid kulindeleke ukuthi kusheshe njengoba izinkampani zikagesi nabalawuli besungula izinhlaka ezijwayelekile zokuhweba ngamandla ngendlela yomibili. Amakhemikhali athuthukile ebhethri afana nobuchwepheshe be-solid-state kanye ne-lithium-sulfur athembisa ukunweba ibanga nokunciphisa izikhathi zokushaja. I-EV powertrain izoqhubeka nokuthuthuka ibheke ekuhlanganisweni okuphezulu kanye nemiklamo eyimojula eyenza kube lula ukukhiqiza futhi kwehlise izindleko.

Amabhizinisi angakhulisa impilo yebhetri ngokusebenzisa amashejuli okushaja ahlakaniphile agwema izimo ezeqile zokushaja, agcine amazinga okushisa alinganiselayo ebhetri ngesikhathi sokushaja nokusebenza, futhi asebenzise amathuluzi okuhlola ukuqapha impilo yamaseli ngamanye futhi abone ukungalingani kusenesikhathi. Ukutshala imali kubuchwepheshe be-BMS obusezingeni eliphezulu nokusebenzisana nozakwethu abanolwazi kungakhuphula kakhulu ubude bempilo yebhetri futhi kunciphise izindleko zokushintsha. Abaqhubi bezimoto kufanele futhi basungule izilinganiso ezicacile zempilo yebhetri futhi balandelele izinkomba zokuncipha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ukuze babikezele izidingo zokushintsha ngokunembile. Ukuhlola izinhlelo ze-car to grid kungakhiqiza imali engeziwe evela emandleni agciniwe ngenkathi kulawulwa ukuncipha kwebhetri ngemijikelezo yokukhipha elawulwayo ehambisana nezidingo zokusebenza zozimboni.