Umhlahlandlela Wohlelo Lwezimoto Zikagesi: Izingxenye Ezibalulekile Nokuthi Zisebenza Kanjani
Kwadalwa ngo 07.29
Umhlahlandlela Wohlelo Lwezimoto Zikagesi: Izingxenye Eziyinhloko Nendlela Ezisebenza Ngayo
Isingeniso Sezinhlelo Zezimoto Zikagesi
Uhlelo lwanamuhla lwezimoto zikagesi lumelela ushintsho olukhulu kubuchwepheshe bezimoto, lusuka ezinjini zomlilo zangaphakathi luye ezinhlakeni zikagesi ezihlanganiswe kakhulu. Uhlelo lwezimoto zikagesi akulona nje icishe elilodwa, kodwa luyinethiwekhi eyinkimbinkimbi yezinhlelo ezingaphansi ezisebenza ndawonye ukuletha amandla okuhamba, ukuphathwa kwamandla, nokulawulwa kwemoto. Ukuqonda lolu hlelo kubalulekile kubaphathi bezimoto, ochwepheshe bokulungisa, kanye namabhizinisi ahileleke ekuhlinzekweni kwezimoto zikagesi. Ushintsho lokuya ezimotweni zikagesi lusheshile emhlabeni wonke, luqhutshwa yimithetho eqinile yokungcolisa, ukwehla kwezindleko zamabhethri, kanye nesidingo esikhulayo sabathengi sezinto zokuhamba eziphila kahle. Ezinkampanini ezinjenge-深圳市富嘉电源科技有限公司 (Fujia Power), ezigxile ezinhlelweni zokuphatha amabhethri nezixazululo zokushaja, ukuqonda ubuciko bohlelo lwezimoto zikagesi kuyisisekelo sokuthuthukisa imikhiqizo ethembekile yokuthengisa ngemuva kwesikhathi. Izinhlelo zikagesi zezimoto ezitholakala kuma-EV anamuhla zihluke kakhulu kuzilungiselelo ezilula zama-volt angu-12 ezimotweni ezijwayelekile, zihlanganisa izakhiwo zikagesi ezinamandla aphezulu ezidinga ulwazi olukhethekile nezingxenye ezikhethekile. Lo mhlahlandlela uzohlukanisa yonke inhlelo enkulu engaphansi, kusukela ebhethrini kuya ku-inverter, futhi uchaze ukuthi lezi zinto zisebenzisana kanjani ukudala isipiliyoni sokushayela esihambisanayo.
Ukuziphendukela kwesistimu yezimoto zikagesi kube ngokumangalisayo eminyakeni engamashumi amabili edlule, izinhlobo zakuqala zinikeza ubude bohambo obulinganiselwe nokusebenza uma kuqhathaniswa nemikhiqizo yanamuhla eyinkimbinkimbi. Izimoto zikagesi zakuqala zazisebenzisa ama-DC motor alula kanye namabhetri e-lead-acid, kanti izinhlelo zanamuhla zisebenzisa ama-AC induction athuthukile noma ama-permanent magnet synchronous motor ahlanganiswe namaphakethe ebhetri le-lithium-ion. Lokhu kuthuthuka kwenziwe kwenzeka ngezinto ezintsha ku-power electronics, ama-control algorithms, kanye namasu okuphatha ukushisa. Emabhizinisini afuna ukungena emakethe yesevisi yezimoto zikagesi noma yokuguqula izimoto, ukuqonda kahle isistimu yezimoto zikagesi kuyimfuneko yempumelelo. Ubunkimbinkimbi besistimu bubuye buveze amathuba kubanikezeli besevisi abakhethekile abangakwazi ukuhlola nokulungisa izingxenye zamandla aphezulu ngokuphepha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, njengoba ubuchwepheshe be-vehicle-to-grid (V2G) bukhula, isistimu yezimoto zikagesi izosebenzisana kakhulu negridi kagesi, iguqule izimoto ezimisiwe zibe yimithombo yamandla esabalalisiwe. Lesi singeniso sibeka isisekelo sokuhlolwa okuningiliziwe kwezingxenye ezibalulekile kanye nezimiso zokusebenza ezichaza izimoto zikagesi zanamuhla.
Izingxenye Eziyinhloko Zohlelo Lwezimoto Zikagesi
Uhlelo lwezimoto zikagesi luhlanganisa izingxenye ezine eziyinhloko: iphakethe lebhetri, injini kagesi, i-inverter, kanye neyunithi yokulawula ngogesi. Ngayinye yalezi zingxenye idlala indima ebalulekile ekuguquleleni amandla kagesi agciniwe abe ukunyakaza kwemishini kuyilapho iqinisekisa ukuphepha, ukusebenza kahle, nokwethembeka. Iphakethe lebhetri lisebenza njengomthombo wamandla, ligcina ugesi we-DC nge-voltage ephezulu, ngokuvamile isukela ku-200V kuya ku-800V kuye ngokwakheka kwemoto. Injini kagesi iguqula amandla kagesi abe i-torque ejikelezayo ukuze iqhube amasondo, futhi imiklamo yanamuhla ithanda izinjini ze-permanent magnet synchronous ngenxa yamandla azo aphezulu nokusebenza kahle. I-inverter isebenza njengebhola elixhumanisa ukunikezwa kwe-DC kwebhetri nensiza ye-AC yemoto, isebenzisa amasu ayinkimbinkimbi okushintsha ukuze ilawule i-voltage ne-frequency. Ekugcineni, iyunithi yokulawula ngogesi ezimotweni ilawula zonke izici zokusebenza, kusukela ekuhumusheni isidingo se-torque kuya ekuxhumaniseni ukuphinda kuthathwe amandla kagesi (regenerative braking). Lezi zingxenye ezine zixhunywe ngenethiwekhi yezintambo ze-high-voltage kanye ne-low-voltage control bus, zakha umnyombo we-ev powertrain.
Iphakethe Lebhethri – Inhliziyo Yamandla
Iphakethe lebhethri iyisakhi esibiza kakhulu futhi esisinda kakhulu kunoma yiluphi uhlelo lwezimoto zikagesi, ngokuvamile limelela amaphesenti angu-30 kuya kwangu-40 ezindleko zizonke zemoto. Amaphakethe esimanje akhiwa izitokisi ezinkulungwane zamangqamuzana e-lithium-ion ngazinye ezihlelwe ngokulandelana nangokuhambisana ukuze kutholakale amandla kagesi nomthamo ofunekayo. Iphakethe lifaka uhlelo oluyinkimbinkimbi lokuphatha ibhethri (BMS) oluqapha amandla kagesi esitokisini, izinga lokushisa, nesimo sokushaja ngesikhathi sangempela ukuze kuvinjelwe ukushaja ngokweqile, ukukhishwa okujulile, noma ukuphuma kokushisa okungalawuleki. Ubuchwepheshe be-Fujia Power kubuchwepheshe be-BMS, ikakhulukazi kuma-e-bike, ama-e-moto, nezinhlelo zokushintshana ngamabhethri abiwe, kubonisa ukuthi ukuqapha okuhlakaniphile kubaluleke kangakanani ekuphileni isikhathi eside kwebhethri nasekuphepheni. I-BMS iphinde ibhekele ukulinganisa amangqamuzana, iqinisekisa ukuthi wonke amangqamuzana ahlala emazingeni afanayo kagesi ukuze kukhuliswe umthamo osebenzisekayo. Ukuphathwa kokushisa kuhlanganiswe ngqo ekwakhiweni kwephakethe, ngamapuleti okupholisa oketshezi noma imigudu yomoya egcina amazinga okushisa afanelekile phakathi kuka-20°C no-40°C. Ukuvalwa kwangaphandle ngokwako kufanele kumelane nokushayisana, kungangeni amanzi, futhi kukwazi ukuqukatha izehlakalo zokushisa ukuze kuvikelwe abagibeli bemoto. Njengoba ubuchwepheshe bebhethri buqhubeka nokuthuthuka, izinto ezintsha ezingeni lephakethe ezifana nemiklamo yokuhlangana kwesitokisi nephakethe zinciphisa isisindo futhi zithuthukisa ukuminyana kwamandla ngaphandle kokudela ukuphepha.
Injini Kagesi – Ukuguqula Amandla Abe Ukunyakaza
Imoto kagesi ohlelweni lwezimoto zikagesi yehluke kakhulu enjinini yokuqalisa noma i-alternator etholakala ezimotweni ezijwayelekile, ngoba inikeza amandla okuqhubela ayinhloko. Izimoto zikagesi eziningi zanamuhla zisebenzisa ama-permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSM) ngenxa yokusebenza kahle kwawo endaweni ebanzi yokusebenza, ngokuvamile kudlula ukusebenza kahle okungu-90%. Imoto iqukethe i-stator enezintambo zethusi kanye ne-rotor efakwe ozibuthe abaphakade, futhi ukusebenzisana phakathi kwenkambu kazibuthe ejikelezayo kanye nozibuthe kukhiqiza i-torque. Abanye abakhiqizi, njenge-Tesla, bamukele izimoto zokufaka (induction motors) kwezinye izinhlobo ngenxa yokuqina kwazo nezindleko eziphansi, nakuba zingasebenzi kahle kancane. Amandla okukhiphayo emoto alinganiswa ngama-kilowatt, izimoto zikagesi ezijwayelekile zabagibeli zisukela ku-100 kW kuya ku-300 kW, kuyilapho izinhlobo ezisebenza kahle kakhulu zingadlula u-500 kW. Izici ze-torque zezimoto zikagesi zivumela ngokwemvelo, nge-torque ephezulu kakhulu etholakala kusukela ku-zero RPM, okususa isidingo sezinto zokudlulisa amandla ezinezigaba eziningi. Lokhu kulethwa kwe-torque ngokushesha kunikeza ukushesha okukhulu abashayeli bezimoto zikagesi abakuthandayo, kodwa futhi kubeka izidingo eziphakeme ku-inverter noma isilawuli ukuze kulawulwe umsinga kahle. Emabhizinisini alungisa izimoto zikagesi, ukuqonda izinhlobo zezimoto kanye nezindlela zokwehluleka kwazo kubalulekile ekuhloleni nasekulungiseni okunembile.
I-Inverter – I-DC-to-AC Power Converter
I-inverter iyisisetshenziswa sikagesi esiguqula ugesi oqondile (DC) webhethri ube ugesi oshintshanayo (AC) wamaza nge-frequency nge-voltage ehlukahlukene ukuze iqhube injini. Ezinhlelweni zesimanje zezimoto zikagesi, i-inverter isebenzisa ama-insulated-gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs) noma ama-silicon carbide (SiC) MOSFETs ukuze ishintshe ugesi ngokushesha, idale i-simulated sine wave. I-switching frequency, evamise ukuba phakathi kwe-10 kHz kuya ku-20 kHz, ithinta ukushelela kwenjini nomsindo ozwakalayo. I-inverter iphinde ilawule i-torque ngokulungisa ubukhulu ne-phase yokukhishwa kwe-AC ngokusekelwe emiyalweni evela ku-vehicle controller. I-Regenerative braking isebenza ngokuhlehlisa le nqubo: ngesikhathi sokunciphisa isivinini, injini isebenza njenge-generator, futhi i-inverter iguqula ukukhishwa kwe-AC ibuyise ku-DC ukuze ishaje ibhethri. Ama-inverter athuthukile afaka ama-DC-DC converters ahlanganisiwe ukuze ehlise ugesi ophezulu wezinhlelo zokusiza ezifana nezibani, i-infotainment, nebhethri le-12V. Ukusebenza kahle kwe-inverter kuthinta ngqo ububanzi bohambo lwemoto, njengoba ama-unit esimanje efinyelela ukusebenza kahle okungaphezu kuka-97%. Ukuphathwa kokushisa kwe-inverter kubalulekile, njengoba ukulahleka kwamandla kukhiqiza ukushisa okumele kususwe ngezinhlelo zokupholisa ngoketshezi.
Iyunithi Yokulawula Ngogesi – Ubuchopho Bohlelo
Iyunithi yokulawula ngogesi ezakhiweni zezimoto zikagesi ikude kakhulu kunasezintweni zokulawula ezijwayelekile ezimotweni zendabuko, ihlanganisa amasistimu amaningi ngesikhathi sangempela. I-ECU eyinhloko, evame ukubizwa ngokuthi iyunithi yokulawula imoto (VCU), ihumusha okokufaka komshayeli okuvela ku-pedal ye-accelerator futhi ikuguqule kube izicelo ze-torque zemoto. Iphinde ilawule amazinga okubuyisela amandla okubhuleka, ihlangane ne-BMS ukuze iqinisekise ukuthi kukhona amandla anele atholakalayo, futhi iqaphe amaphutha esistimu. Kunezilawuli ezengeziwe ezinikezelwe ze-inverter, i-BMS, ukuphathwa kokushisa, kanye ne-charger engaphakathi emotweni, zonke zixhumana nge-Controller Area Network (CAN) bus. Isofthiwe efakwe kula ma-ECU ibalulekile ekusebenzeni, ukuphepha, nokuhlola izinkinga, futhi izibuyekezo ezingenantambo (over-the-air) seziyindlela ejwayelekile kubakhiqizi bezimoto abahamba phambili. Emabhizinisini athuthukisa izingxenye zangemuva kwemakethe noma aguqula izimoto zibe zikagesi, ukuqonda izimiso zokuxhumana nokulawula kubalulekile ekuhlanganiseni. Inkundla yamafu ye-Fujia Power, enika amandla okuqapha nokuphatha amanethiwekhi okushintsha amabhethri, iyisibonelo sendlela ubuchwepheshe bezilawuli obunwebeka ngayo emkhakheni wedijithali. Ukwethembeka kohlelo lokulawula ngogesi kuthinta ngqo ukuphepha kwemoto, futhi ukuhlolwa okuqinile ngokuya ngezindinganiso zokuphepha zokusebenza ze-ISO 26262 kuyimpoqo ezimotweni ezikhiqizwayo.
Indlela Uhlelo Lwezimoto Zikagesi Olusebenza Ngayo
Ukusebenza kohlelo lwemoto kagesi kuhilela ukulandelana okuqhubekayo kwezinguquko zamandla nezehlakalo zokulawula ezenzeka ngokungenazihibe ngesikhathi sokushayela. Lapho umshayeli ecindezela i-accelerator, i-ECU ibala i-torque edingekayo bese ithumela umyalo ku-inverter, edonsa amandla e-DC ebhethrini bese iwaguqula abe yi-AC ukuze iyise kumoto. Umoto bese ukhiqiza i-torque edluliselwa nge-reduction gear emasondweni, ngesilinganiso se-gear esilungiselelwe ukusebenza kahle kunokushintsha izigaba eziningi. Ngesikhathi sokuhamba nge-inertia noma ukubhuleka, i-inverter iguqula indima yayo, ivumela umoto ukuthi ukhiqize ugesi obuyela ebhethrini ngenqubo eyaziwa ngokuthi i-regenerative braking. Lolu hlelo lokulawula okuvalekile lusebenza ngemilisekhondi, luqinisekisa ukuziphatha okubushelelezi nokuphendula ngokushesha kwemoto. Yonke inqubo iqashwa izinzwa zokulinganisa i-current, i-voltage, izinga lokushisa, nesivinini sokujikeleza, ne-ECU ilungisa amapharamitha ukuze iqinisekise ukusebenza kahle nokuphepha. Emabhizinisini abandakanyeka ekuphathweni kwezimoto, ukuqonda lokhu kusebenza kusiza ekubikezeleni izidingo zokulungisa nokuthuthukisa amashejuli okushaja.
Ukusuka Ku-DC Kuya Ekuguqulweni Kwe-AC
Ukuguqulwa kusuka ku-DC kuye ku-AC kuyinqubo eyisisekelo kunoma yiluphi uhlelo lwezimoto zikagesi ngoba cishe wonke amamotho asebenza kahle kakhulu adinga i-AC ukuze asebenze. I-inverter isebenzisa i-pulse-width modulation (PWM) ukudala umphumela we-AC oguquguqukayo, ishintsha ama-transistor ivule futhi ivalwe izinkulungwane zezikhathi ngomzuzwana. Umjikelezo wokusebenza walezi zingqimba unquma amandla asebenzayo asetshenziswa kumotho, kuyilapho iphethini yokushintsha inquma imvamisa futhi ngaleyo ndlela isivinini samotho. Ama-inverter athuthukile asebenzisa ama-algorithm okulawula i-vector, aziwa nangokuthi i-field-oriented control, ukuze alawule ngokuzimela i-torque ne-flux ukuze kutholakale ukusebenza kahle okuphezulu. Ukuguqulwa kusuka ku-DC kuye ku-AC akusebenzi kahle ngokuphelele, ngokulahleka okujwayelekile kwe-2% kuya ku-5% ngenxa yokulahleka kokuqhuba nokushintsha kuma-semiconductors amandla. Izinto ze-silicon carbide (SiC) zinikeza ukulahleka okuphansi kokushintsha uma kuqhathaniswa nama-IGBT avamile, okuvumela amafrikhwensi aphezulu okushintsha nezingxenye ezincane ezingasebenzi. Lesi sigaba sokuguqula futhi yilapho ukuphazamiseka kwe-electromagnetic (EMI) kungakhiqizwa khona, okudinga ukuhlunga nokuvikela ngokucophelela ukuze kuhambisane namazinga ezimoto. Ikhwalithi yegagasi le-AC ithinta ngqo umsindo wamotho, ukudlidliza, nokuthuthuka kokushayela kukonke, okwenza ukuklanywa kwe-inverter kube umehluko obalulekile phakathi kwabakhiqizi bezimoto zikagesi.
Ukuphula Amandla Ngokuvuselela Nokuthola Amandla Kabusha
Ukubhuleka kokuvuselela amandla (regenerative braking) kungenye yezinzuzo ezinkulu zokusebenza kahle kohlelo lwezimoto zikagesi, kuthola amandla okunyakaza (kinetic energy) obekuzolahleka njengokushisa ngesikhathi sokwehla ngesivinini. Uma umshayeli ephakamisa unyawo ku-accelerator noma ecindezela i-pedal yebhuleki kancane, i-ECU iyala i-motor ukuthi isebenze njenge-generator, idale ukumelana okunciphisa isivinini semoto ngenkathi ikhiqiza ugesi. I-AC ekhiqiziwe ibuyiselwa ibe i-DC yi-inverter bese ifakwa ku-battery pack, uma nje i-BMS iqinisekisa ukuthi ibhetri ingamukela ukushaja. Inani lamandla okubhuleka kokuvuselela lingashintshwa ngokuya ngohlobo lokushayela olukhethiwe kanye nesimo sokushaja kwebhetri, kanti ezinye izimoto zinikeza ikhono lokushayela nge-pedal eyodwa. Izinhlelo ezijwayelekile zithola amaphesenti angu-15 kuya kwangu-25 wamandla obekezolahleka, okwandisa ngqo ibanga lokushayela. Nokho, lapho ibhetri igcwele kakhulu noma amazinga okushisa ephansi, ukubhuleka kokuvuselela amandla kungase kuncishiswe ukuze kuvikelwe ibhetri, kudingeke ukuthi amabhuleki ajwayelekile okungqubuzana (friction brakes) anganise lokho. Ukusebenzisana phakathi kokubhuleka kokuvuselela amandla nokubhuleka kokungqubuzana kulawulwa uhlelo lokulawula ukuzinza kwe-elektroniki (electronic stability control system), okuqinisekisa ukuthi i-pedal izwakala ifana njalo nokusebenza kokuma kumile kahle. Emikhunjini yezohwebo, ukukhulisa ukusebenza kahle kokubhuleka kokuvuselela amandla ngokuqeqesha abashayeli nokuthuthukisa izindlela zokuhamba kungaveza ukonga amandla okukhulu empilweni yonke yemoto.
Izinhlobo Zezimoto Zikagesi Nezinhlelo Zazo
Akuzona zonke izinhlelo zezimoto zikagesi ezifanayo, futhi imboni ihlangane ezinhlotsheni ezintathu eziyinhloko: izimoto zikagesi ezigcwele (BEVs), izimoto zikagesi ezihlanganisiwe ezixhunywayo (PHEVs), kanye nezimoto zikagesi ezisebenzisa amaseli kaphethiloli we-hydrogen (FCEVs). Uhlobo ngalunye lusebenzisa inhlanganisela ehlukile yobuchwepheshe bokugcina amandla nokuguqula amandla, okuholela ezicini ezihlukile zokusebenza kanye nezidingo zengqalasizinda. Ama-BEVs ancike ngokuphelele ebhetri noma injini kagesi, ngaphandle kwenjini evuthayo yangaphakathi, enikela ukungakhiphi nhlobo ukungcola emoyeni futhi enesakhiwo esilula kakhulu somshini. Ama-PHEVs ahlanganisa uhlelo lokushayela lukagesi nenjini evuthayo yangaphakathi evamile, evumela ibanga elilinganiselwe lokushayela ngogesi kuphela kuyilapho igcina ukuguquguquka kokuphelelisa uphethiloli ohambweni olude. Ama-FCEVs asebenzisa amaseli kaphethiloli we-hydrogen ukukhiqiza ugesi emotweni, ehlanganisa i-hydrogen nomoya-mpilo ovela emoyeni ukukhiqiza ugesi kanye nomhwamuko wamanzi njengokukhiphayo kuphela. Ukukhetha phakathi kwalezi zinhlobo kuncike ekusetshenzisweni, ukutholakala kwengqalasizinda yokushaja, kanye nokucatshangelwa kwezindleko zokunikela ngemoto kubanikazi bamabhizinisi nabathengi ngokufanayo.
Izimoto Zikagesi Ezigcina Amandla (BEVs)
I-BEVs zimelela ukusetshenziswa okumsulwa kakhulu kohlelo lwezimoto zikagesi, ngephakethe elikhulu lebhetri elinikeza wonke amandla okuhambisa futhi lingenalo elinye ibhasi likaphethiloli. Lezi zimoto zinikeza izindleko eziphansi kakhulu zokusebenza ngemayela ngenxa yokusebenza kahle kakhulu kohlelo lokushayela lukagesi kanye nezindleko eziphansi kagesi uma kuqhathaniswa nophethiloli noma udizili. Amaphakethe ebhetri kuma-BEV esimanje ngokuvamile asukela ku-40 kWh kuya ngaphezu kuka-100 kWh emandleni, enikeza amabanga angokoqobo asuka ku-150 kuya ku-400 amamayela kuye ngezimo zokushayela nosayizi webhetri. Ama-BEV adinga ukufinyelela kwingqalasizinda yokushaja, kungaba ngamabhokisi asezindongeni asekhaya, ama-charger asemsebenzini, noma iziteshi zokushaja ngokushesha zomphakathi, futhi izikhathi zokushaja ziyahlukahluka kusuka emizuzwini engu-30 kukagesi wokushaja ngokushesha we-DC kuya emahoreni amaningi kukagesi we-AC. Ubulula bohlelo lokushayela lwe-BEV lwehlisa izidingo zokulungisa uma kuqhathaniswa nezimoto ezinenjini yomlilo, ngaphandle kokushintsha uwoyela, amabhande esikhathi, noma izinhlelo zokukhipha umusi okudingeka zilungiswe. Emabhizinisini asebenzisa izimoto zokulethwa noma izimoto zenkampani, ama-BEV anikeza izinzuzo ezihehayo zezindleko zobunikazi zizonke uma amamayela esewonke namaphethini okushaja eqondakala kahle.
Izimoto Zikagesi Ezixhunywayo (PHEVs)
Ama-PHEV ahlanganisa kokubili uhlelo lwezimoto zikagesi kanye nenjini evamile evutha phakathi, enikeza ukuguquguquka kubasebenzisi abahamba ngezikhathi ezithile ngale kwebanga le-battery yombane kuphela. Ingxenye kagesi ngokuvamile ihlanganisa iphakethe lebhethri elincane elingama-10 kuya ku-20 kWh, elivumela amamayela angama-20 kuya kwangama-50 okushayela ngombane kuphela, okuhlanganisa izidingo zansuku zonke zokuhamba kwabashayeli abaningi. Lapho ibhethri seliphelile, imoto isebenza njenge-hybrid evamile, isebenzisa injini kanye nokubhuleka okubuyisela amandla ukuze igcine ukusebenza kahle. Uhlelo lwezimoto zikagesi ku-PHEV kumele lulawule ukusebenzisana phakathi kwenjini kagesi nenjini evamile, ngokuvamile ngohlelo oluyinkimbinkimbi lokudlulisa amandla noma ukwakheka kwe-series-parallel. Ama-PHEV angashajwa ngomthombo wamandla wangaphandle, enikeza ezinye zezinzuzo zezindleko zikaphethiloli ze-BEV ngaphandle kokukhathazeka ngebanga. Nokho, uhlelo olumbili lwamandla lwengeza ubunkimbinkimbi, isisindo, kanye nezindleko uma kuqhathaniswa ne-BEV emsulwa, futhi ukusebenza kahle kukaphethiloli emhlabeni wangempela kuncike kakhulu ekutheni imoto ishajwa kangaki. Emabhizinisini anezimoto ezisetshenziswa ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene lapho eminye imizila idlula ububanzi be-BEV, ama-PHEV angasebenza njengobuchwepheshe besikhashana ngenkathi ingqalasizinda yokushaja ikhula.
Izimoto Zikagesi Ezisebenzisa Amaseli Kaphethiloli (FCEVs)
Ama-FCEV asebenzisa amaseli kaphethiloli we-hydrogen njengethuluzi eliyinhloko lokuguqula amandla, akhiqiza ugesi ngokusebenzisa ukusabela kwe-electrochemical phakathi kwe-hydrogen ne-oxygen, kuthi umhwamuko wamanzi ube ukuphela komkhiqizo ongemumva. Uhlelo lwezimoto zikagesi ku-FCEV lusafaka ibhetri encane yokugcina amandla noma i-supercapacitor ukuze ibhekane nezidingo zamandla zesikhashana futhi ithwebule amandla okubuyisela ekubhulekeni. Isitaki samaseli kaphethiloli ngokwaso sisebenza kahle kakhulu ngaphansi komthwalo ozinzile, ngakho ibhetri yokugcina amandla isiza ngesikhathi sokusheshisa futhi igcine amandla ngesikhathi sokwehla kwejubane. I-hydrogen igcinwa emathangini omfutho ophezulu (ngokuvamile ama-bar angu-700) futhi ukufaka uphethiloli kuthatha imizuzu emi-3 kuya kwemi-5 kuphela, okufana nokufaka uphethiloli kaphethiloli, okwenza ama-FCEV akhangeleke kakhulu ezinhlelweni ezidinga ukujikeleza okusheshayo. Nokho, ingqalasizinda ye-hydrogen ilinganiselwe kakhulu uma iqhathaniswa nokushaja amabhetri, futhi ukusebenza kahle kwe-well-to-wheel kwama-FCEV kuphansi kunokwama-BEV ngenxa yokulahleka kwamandla ekukhiqizeni i-hydrogen, ekucindezelweni kwayo, nasekuthuthweni kwayo. Ezinhlelweni ezinzima njengamaloli, amabhasi, nezimoto zezimboni ezisebenza imizila emide ngesikhathi esincane sokuphumula, ama-FCEV anikeza isixazululo esihambisanayo nezixazululo zezimoto zikagesi ezinamabhetri.
Izici Eziyinhloko Ezithinta Ukusebenza Kwemoto Kagesi
Ukusebenza kohlelo lwemoto kagesi kunqunywa izici eziningana ezihlobene, okuhlanganisa umthamo webhethri, amandla enjini, ukusebenza kahle kohlelo, kanye nekhono lokulawula ukushisa. Ibanga ukukala kokusebenza okubonakala kakhulu, elithonywa ukuminyana kwamandla ebhethri, isisindo semoto, ukudonsa komoya, ukumelana nokugingqika, kanye nendlela yokushayela. Amandla okukhiphayo anquma ikhono lokusheshisa futhi alinganiselwe kokubili i-torque ephezulu yenjini kanye nekhono lebhethri lokuletha imisinga ephezulu ngaphandle kokwehla kwamandla noma ukushisa ngokweqile. Ukusebenza kahle kuhlanganisa wonke umugqa wokuguqulwa kwamandla kusukela kugridi kuya emasondweni, okuhlanganisa ukulahleka kokushaja, ukumelana kwangaphakathi kwebhethri, ukulahleka kwe-inverter nenjini, kanye nokungqubuzana kohlelo lokushayela. Izinga lokushisa lidlala indima ebalulekile ekusebenzeni, ngoba kokubili umthamo webhethri namandla okukhiphayo kwehla kakhulu esimweni sezulu esibandayo, kuyilapho amazinga okushisa aphezulu engadala ukuncishiswa kwamandla ukuze kuvikelwe izingxenye. Emabhizinisini ahlola izimoto zikagesi zemikhumbi yawo, ukuqonda lezi zici kubalulekile ekukhetheni imoto efanele yezidingo ezithile zokusebenza.
Ubude Bohambo Nokusetshenziswa kwamandla
Ububanzi bubalwa njengesici okuxoxwa ngaso kakhulu kunoma yiluphi uhlelo lwezimoto zikagesi, futhi sithonywa ukusebenzisana okuyinkimbinkimbi kokuklanywa kwemoto nezimo zemvelo. Imijikelezo yokuhlola ye-EPA ne-WLTP inikeza izilinganiso ezijwayelekile zobubanzi, kodwa ububanzi bangempela bomhlaba bungahluka ngo-20% kuya ku-50% kuye ngezinto ezifana nezinga lokushisa langaphandle, ukushayela emgwaqweni omkhulu noma edolobheni, ukusetshenziswa kokufudumeza kwangaphakathi noma i-air conditioning, nokuqina kokushayela. Isimo sezulu esibandayo sinciphisa amandla ebhetri ngo-10% kuya ku-30% ngoba ukusebenza kwe-electrolyte kuyehla, futhi amandla aphendukiselwa ekufudumezeni ikhabethe nebhetri. Ukushayela emgwaqweni omkhulu kudla amandla amaningi kunokushayela edolobheni ngenxa yokudonswa komoya okuphezulu, futhi ukudonsa noma ukuthwala imithwalo esindayo kwandisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kakhulu. Ukuwohloka kwebhetri ngokuhamba kwesikhathi nakho kunciphisa ububanzi kancane kancane, futhi abakhiqizi abaningi banikeza iziqinisekiso eziqinisekisa ukugcinwa kwamandla okungu-70% ngemva kweminyaka engu-8 noma amamayela angu-100,000. Kubaqhubi bezimoto eziningi, ukuhlanganisa idatha ye-telematics namamodeli obubanzi kungathuthukisa ukuhlela kwemizila futhi kunciphise ubungozi bokuma ukushaja okungalindelekile.
Amandla Nokusheshisa
Amandla okukhipha amandla ohlelo lwezimoto zikagesi anqunywa amandla alinganiselwe enjini kanye nekhono lebhetri lokukhipha amandla, elinganiswa ngama-kilowatt noma ngamandla ehhashi. Ngokungafani nezinjini ezivutha ngaphakathi, izinjini zikagesi zikhipha amandla aphezulu kulo lonke uhla olubanzi lwe-RPM, okuvumela ukusheshisa okuqhubekayo ngaphandle kwesidingo sokushintsha amagiya. Ikhono le-C-rate lebhetri linquma ukuthi mangaki ama-current angadonswa ngaphandle kokulimaza amaseli noma ukuqala ukwehla kwamandla ngenxa yokushisa, kanti izimoto zikagesi ezinokusebenza okuphezulu zisebenzisa amabhetri alungiselelwe ukuminyana kwamandla aphezulu. Isibonelo, imoto enenjini engu-200 kW idinga iphakethe lebhetri elikwazi ukukhipha cishe u-500 A ku-400V ngaphandle kokwehla kwamandla ngokweqile. Imisebenzi ye-overboost kwezinye izimoto zikagesi ikhulisa okwesikhashana amandla okukhipha isikhathi esifushane, njengaphakathi kokudlula, ngokuvumela ama-current aphezulu ngaphakathi kwemikhawulo yokushisa. Ezinhlelweni zezohwebo ezifana namaveni okuletha noma amatekisi, amandla anele aqinisekisa ukushayela okuhle emgwaqweni wasedolobheni kanye nekhono lokugcina isivinini somgwaqo omkhulu ngaphandle kokucindezeleka.
Ukusebenza Kahle Nokulahlekelwa Ukushisa
Ukusebenza kahle kwesistimu yonke kusukela ebhethrini kuya emasondweni ohlelweni lwanamuhla lwezimoto zikagesi kusukela ku-80% kuya ku-90%, futhi ukulahleka kusakazeka emotorini, ku-inverter, kugiya lokudlulisa amandla, nakulayishi abasizayo. I-motor ibangela ukulahleka okungu-5% kuya ku-10% ngenxa yokumelana kwethusi, ukushisa kwensimbi, nokungqubuzana kwemishini. I-inverter inikela ekulahlekeni okungu-2% kuya ku-5% ikakhulukazi ngenxa yokuqhutshwa kwe-semiconductor nokushintsha, kuyilapho igiya lokwehlisa isivinini linezela ukulahleka kwemishini okungu-2% kuya ku-3%. Imithwalo esizayo efana ne-HVAC, izibani, i-infotainment, nokuqondisa amandla idla u-5% kuya ku-10% wamandla ebhethri, kanti i-HVAC ingumthwalo omkhulu kakhulu oguquguqukayo emazingeni okushisa aphezulu naphansi. Ukubuyisela amandla ngokubhuleka kubuyisela amanye amandla e-kinetic obekungazolahleka, kuthuthukise ukusebenza kahle kukonke, ikakhulukazi ekuhambeni okunokuma nokuqhubeka. Emabhizinisini, ukuqonda ukusebenza kahle kusiza ekubaleni izindleko zangempela zamandla nasekukhetheni izimoto ezine-total cost of ownership engcono kakhulu ngemisebenzi ethile yokusebenza.
Ubuchwepheshe Bebhetri Obunika Amandla Inguquko Ye-EV
Ubuchwepheshe bebhetri yisici esikhula ngokushesha kakhulu ohlelweni lwezimoto zikagesi, lapho i-lithium-ion chemistry njengamanje ihola imakethe ngenxa yokuminyana kwayo okuphezulu kwamandla kanye nomjikelezo omude wokuphila. Ngaphakathi komndeni we-lithium-ion, kunezinhlobo ezimbalwa ezihlukene, okuhlanganisa i-nickel-manganese-cobalt (NMC), i-nickel-cobalt-aluminum (NCA), kanye ne-lithium-iron-phosphate (LFP), ngayinye inikeza ukushintshana okuhlukile phakathi kokuminyana kwamandla, izindleko, ukuphepha, nokuphila isikhathi eside. Amaseli e-NMC ahlinzeka ngokuminyana kwamandla okuphezulu futhi asetshenziswa kabanzi ezimotweni zikagesi zephezulu, kuyilapho amaseli e-LFP ehlinzeka ngezindleko eziphansi nokuzinza okuhle kakhulu kokushisa ngezindleko zokuminyana kwamandla okuphansi. Ubuchwepheshe obusafufukayo be-solid-state battery buthembisa ukuphinda kabili ukuminyana kwamandla ngenkathi kuthuthukisa ukuphepha ngokushintsha i-liquid electrolyte nge-solid separator. Emabhizinisini asesimisweni se-EV, ukuhlala unolwazi ngemikhuba yobuchwepheshe bebhetri kubalulekile ekwenzeni izinqumo ezinamasu mayelana nokuthengwa kwezimoto, amakhono okulungisa, nokuphathwa kwebhetri ekupheleni kokuphila kwayo. Ukugxila kwe-Fujia Power kuzixazululo ze-BMS ezigabeni ezahlukene zezimoto kugcizelela ukubaluleka kokuphathwa okuhlakaniphile kwebhetri ekukhuliseni ukusebenza nokuphila kwanoma iyiphi i-chemistry yebhetri.
Ukulawulwa Kokushisa Nokuphepha Ezinhlelweni Zezimoto Zikagesi
Ukulawulwa kokushisa kungumsebenzi obalulekile kunoma yiluphi uhlelo lwezimoto zikagesi, ngoba kokubili iphakethe lebhetri ne-electronics yamandla kukhiqiza ukushisa okukhulu ngesikhathi sokusebenza. Ibhetri isebenza kahle kakhulu phakathi kwezinga lokushisa elincane elingama-20°C kuya ku-40°C, futhi ukuphambuka ngaphandle kwalesi silinganiso kusheshisa ukuwohloka noma kubangele ukuncishiswa kwamandla. Izinhlelo zokupholisa ngoketshezi ezisebenzisa izingxube zamanzi ne-glycol zivamile ezimotweni zikagesi zesimanje eziningi, zihambisa uketshezi olupholayo ngemigudu ephakathi kwephakethe lebhetri namapuleti okupholisa axhunywe ku-inverter ne-motor. Ezindaweni ezibandayo, izinto zokushisisa noma amaphampu okushisa afudumeza ibhetri ukuze kuthuthukiswe isivinini sokushaja namandla asetshenzisekayo, okudla amandla anciphisa ibanga. Izinhlelo zokuphepha zihlanganisa izendlalelo eziningi zokuvikela: ama-fuse ezingeni leseli, ama-contactor ezingeni lephakethe avikela ibhetri uma kwenzeka ingozi, nokuqapha okusekelwe kusofthiwe okuthola okungajwayelekile njengokufushaniswa kwangaphakathi noma izimpawu zangaphambi kokushisa ngokweqile. Amabhizinisi ahileleke ekulungiseni noma ekuguquleni izimoto zikagesi kumele alandele izinqubo eziqinile zokuphepha kwe-voltage ephezulu, okuhlanganisa ukusebenzisa amathuluzi agqinsiwe, ukugqoka i-PPE efanele, nokulandela izinqubo zokunqanyulwa ezishiwo umkhiqizi. Uhlu lwemikhiqizo ye-Fujia Power yama-BMS nama-charger, okuhlanganisa ama-charger aphathwayo nangokungenamanzi, aklanywe ngezici zokuphepha ezibonisa ukuzibophezela kwemboni ezinhlelweni zikagesi zezimoto ezithembekile.
Izitayela Ezizayo Ezohlelweni Lwezimoto Zikagesi
Uhlelo lwezimoto zikagesi luqhubeka nokuthuthuka ngokushesha, luqhutshwa ukuthuthuka kwe-electronics yamandla, ukwakheka kwamabhetri, ukuxhumana, nokuhlanganiswa kwegridi. Enye yezinto ezithembisa kakhulu ubuchwepheshe be-vehicle-to-grid (V2G), obuvumela ukugeleza kwamandla okuya nokubuya phakathi kwemoto negridi kagesi, okuvumela abanikazi bezimoto zikagesi ukuthi badayise amandla agciniwe emuva ngezikhathi zokufunwa okuphezulu. Izinhlelo zokushaja ngaphandle kwezintambo ziya ngasentengiselwaneni, zisebenzisa i-resonant inductive coupling ukudlulisa amandla emoyeni, kususwa isidingo sezixhumi ezibonakalayo. Ukwamukelwa kwe-800V architecture kuyashesha, kunika amandla ukushaja ngokushesha okukhulu kuze kufike ku-350 kW, okungangeza amamayela angu-200 ebangeni cishe ngemizuzu engu-15. Amabhetri e-solid-state aqhubeka esuka ocwaningweni eya ekukhiqizweni kokuqala, nabakhiqizi abambalwa behlose ukwethulwa kwezentengiselwano ngasekupheleni kwawo-2020. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhlanganiswa kwe-artificial intelligence kuyunithi yokulawula kagesi ezimotweni kunika amandla ukulungiswa okubikezelwayo, ukuhlela umzila okuthuthukisiwe, nokuphathwa kwamandla okuzijwayezayo okufunda ekuziphatheni komshayeli. Kwezamabhizinisi, lezi zinkambiso zimele amathuba okutshala imali ezinsizeni ezintsha, kusukela kuzinkundla ze-V2G aggregator kuya ekufakweni nasekulungiseni ingqalasizinda yokushaja.
Isiphetho
Ukuqonda uhlelo lwezimoto zikagesi akuseyona into ongayikhetha manje kubasebenzi bezimoto, abaqhubi bezimoto, kanye namabhizinisi ahileleke emkhakheni wezokuthutha namandla. Ubunkimbinkimbi balolu hlelo—obuhlanganisa amabhethri aphezulu kagesi, izinto zikagesi eziyinkimbinkimbi, izinhlelo zokulawula ezithuthukile, kanye nokulawulwa kokushisa okuhlanganisiwe—kudinga ulwazi olukhethekile ukuze kulungiswe, kulungiswe, futhi kuthuthukiswe ngempumelelo. Njengoba ubuchwepheshe bamabhethri buqhubeka bethuthuka futhi izindleko zehla, isizathu somnotho sokushintshela kugesi siya siqina ezinhlelweni eziningi ezikhulayo. Izinkampani ezitshala imali ekuqeqesheni, emathuluzini, nasekubambisaneni nabahlinzeki bezinto abanobuhlakani bazoba sesimweni esihle kakhulu sokuzuza ekuguqukeni okuqhubekayo kwezimoto zikagesi. Ubuchwepheshe be-Fujia Power ku-BMS technology, izixazululo zokushaja, kanye nezinkundla zokuqapha ezisekelwe emafini kuyisibonelo sohlobo losekelo olukhethekile oludingwa umkhakha wezimoto zikagesi. Ngokuqonda ngokuphelele izingxenye, ukusebenza, kanye nezitayela ezisafufukayo ezinhlelweni zezimoto zikagesi, amabhizinisi angenza izinqumo ezinolwazi ezinciphisa ubungozi, zithuthukise ikhwalithi yesevisi, futhi zikhuthaze ukwaneliseka kwamakhasimende kulo makethe oguqukayo.
Imibuzo Ejwayelekile (FAQ)
Iyini isistimu yemoto kagesi futhi isebenza kanjani?
Isistimu yemoto kagesi iyinethiwekhi ehlanganisiwe yezingxenye egcina amandla kagesi ebhetri elinamandla aphezulu futhi iwaguqule abe ukunyakaza komshini ngemoto kagesi. Isistimu isebenza ngokudonsa amandla e-DC ebhetri, iwaguqule abe i-AC nge-inverter, futhi iwathumele emotweni ukuze ikhiqize i-torque. I-electronic control unit ihlanganisa ukugeleza kwamandla ngokusekelwe kokufakwa komshayeli, futhi i-regenerative braking ibuyisela amandla ngesikhathi sokwehla kwejubane.
Yiziphi izingxenye eziyinhloko zesistimu yemoto kagesi?
Izingxenye ezine eziyinhloko zohlelo lwemoto kagesi yipakethe yebhethri (ukugcina amandla), injini kagesi (ukuguqula amandla), i-inverter (ukuguqula i-DC ibe i-AC), kanye ne-electronic control unit (ukuxhumanisa uhlelo). Izingxenye ezisizayo zihlanganisa uhlelo lokuphatha ibhethri, uhlelo lokuphatha ukushisa, i-charger esemotweni, kanye ne-reduction gearbox. Lezi zingxenye zisebenza ndawonye ukuhambisa imoto, ukuphatha amandla, nokuqinisekisa ukusebenza okuphephile.
Kusebenza kanjani ukubuyisela amandla nge-regenerative braking ohlelweni lwemoto kagesi?
Ukusebenza kwe-Regenerative braking kusebenza ngokuguqula umsebenzi we-electric motor ukuze isebenze njenge-generator ngesikhathi sokwehla kwejubane, ikhiqize ugesi kusukela ku-kinetic energy yemoto. I-inverter iguqula i-AC power ekhiqiziwe ibuyisele ku-DC futhi iyithumele ebhethrini ukuze igcinwe, uma nje i-BMS iqinisekisa ukuthi ibhethri lingamukela ukushaja. Le nqubo ibuyisela amaphesenti angu-15 kuya kwangu-25 wamandla obekungalahleka njengokushisa, ikhulise ubude bohambo oluphelele.
Yini umehluko phakathi kwe-BEV ne-PHEV electric car system?
I-BEV (Imoto Kagesi Egcwele) incike ngokuphelele ohlelweni lwayo lukagesi olunebhathiri elikhulu futhi ingenayo injini evutha uphethiloli, inikela ukungakhiphi nhlobo intuthu emgwaqweni. I-PHEV (Imoto Ehlangene Egxumeka Egesi) ihlanganisa uhlelo lukagesi oluncane nenjini evamile, ivumela ukushayela ngogesi okulinganiselwe kuyilapho igcina amandla okugcwalisa uphethiloli ohambweni olude. Ama-BEV anezindleko eziphansi zokusebenza nokulungiswa okulula, kuyilapho ama-PHEV enikeza ukuguquguquka okukhulu kulabo abangenawo amandla okushaja njalo.
Iyiphi indima edlalwa i-electronic control unit ezinhlelweni zezimoto ku-EVs?
Iyunithi yokulawula ngogesi ezimisweni zemoto isebenza njengobuchopho bohlelo lwezimoto zikagesi, ihumusha okufakwa ngumshayeli futhi ixhumanise izicelo ze-torque, ukuphula amabhuleki ngokuvuselela amandla, ukuphathwa kwebhethri, nokulawula ukushisa. Ixhumana nabalawuli abakhethekile be-inverter, i-BMS, ne- charger ngohlelo lwe-CAN bus. Ama-ECU athuthukile anika amandla ukubuyekeza ngaphezulu komoya nokuhlola izinkinga ngaphambi kokwenzeka, okwenza kube umongo wokusebenza nokuphepha kwemoto.
Ukushisa kuthinta kanjani ukusebenza kohlelo lwezimoto zikagesi?
Izinga lokushisa linomthelela omkhulu kukho kokubili amandla ebhetri kanye nokuphuma kwamandla ohlelweni lwezimoto zikagesi. Isimo sezulu esibandayo (ngaphansi kuka-10°C) sinciphisa amandla ebhetri ngamaphesenti angu-10 kuye kwangu-30 futhi sandisa ukumelana kwangaphakathi, kwehlise ibanga lokuhamba futhi kukhawulele ukwamukelwa kokuphula amandla ngokuvuselela. Izinga lokushisa eliphezulu ngaphezu kuka-40°C lingadala ukwehliswa kwamandla ukuze kuvikelwe izingxenye, futhi ukushisa okuqhubekayo kusheshisa ukuwohloka kwebhetri. Izinhlelo ezisebenzayo zokulawula ukushisa zinciphisa le miphumela ngokupholisa ngoketshezi nokushisisa.
Iyini ithekhnoloji ye-vehicle-to-grid (V2G) kumongo wezinhlelo zezimoto zikagesi?
Ubuchwepheshe be-Vehicle-to-grid (V2G) bunika amandla okuhambisa ugesi ngazo zombili izinhlangothi phakathi kohlelo lwezimoto zikagesi negridi kagesi, okuvumela imoto ukuthi ikhiphe amandla agciniwe ibuyisele egridini ngesikhathi sokufunwa okukhulu. Lokhu kuguqula izimoto zikagesi ezimile zibe yimithombo yamandla esabalalisiwe engathola imali kubanikazi bazo kuyilapho isekela ukuzinza kwegridi. I-V2G idinga ama-charger akhethekile nama-inverter akwazi ukuguqula amandla ngazo zombili izinhlangothi, kanye nezimiso zokuxhumana phakathi kwemoto, i-charger, nenkampani kagesi.
Iyini i-ev powertrain futhi yehluke kanjani kwi-powertrain evamile?
I-ev powertrain yakhiwe iphakethe lebhethri, i-inverter, injini, kanye ne-reduction gear, okuhlangene kuguqula amandla kagesi abe ukunyakaza kwemishini. Uma kuqhathaniswa ne-powertrain evamile yenjini evuthayo yangaphakathi, i-EV powertrain inezingxenye ezinyakazayo ezimbalwa kakhulu, ayinawo umshini wokushintsha amagiya amaningi, futhi iletha amandla aphezulu kakhulu kusukela ku-zero RPM. Lokhu kulula kunciphisa izidingo zokunakekela futhi kuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle, kodwa kudinga ulwazi olukhethekile lokusebenza nge-voltage ephezulu.
I-Fujia Power isekela kanjani izingxenye zohlelo lwezimoto zikagesi?
I-Fujia Power, njengoba i-Shenzhen Fujia Power Technology Co., Ltd., igxile ezinhlelweni zokuphatha amabhethri (BMS), ama-charger, kanye nezinkundla zokuqapha zamafu ezibalulekile ohlelweni lwezimoto zikagesi. Imikhiqizo yabo, ehlanganisa ama-charger aphathwayo, ama-charger angangeni manzi, nezixazululo ze-BMS zama-e-bike, ama-e-moto, kanye nezinhlelo zokushintshana ngamabhethri, isekela ukusebenza okuphephile nokuphumelelayo kwamabhethri ezimotweni zikagesi. Inkundla yabo yamafu inika amandla ukuqapha okukude nokuhlaziya umjikelezo wokuphila kwamanethiwekhi okushintshana ngamabhethri, okubonisa ukuthambekela kwemboni ekulawuleni amandla okuxhumene.
Yiziphi izitayela ezivelayo eziyobumba izimoto zikagesi zesikhathi esizayo?
Izitayela ezibalulekile zihlanganisa izakhiwo ze-800V ezivumela ukushaja ngokushesha okukhulu, amabhetri asemqoka aqinile anamandla aphezulu, ukushaja ngaphandle kwezintambo ukuze kube lula, kanye nekhono le-V2G elisebenza nhlangothi zombili ukuze kuhlanganiswe negridi. Ubuhlakani bokwenziwa kuma-electronic control units bunika amandla ukulungiswa okubikezelwayo nokulungiswa kwamandla okuguquguqukayo. Le ntuthuko izonciphisa izikhathi zokushaja, inwebe ubude bohambo, futhi idale amamodeli amasha ebhizinisi azungeze ukuhweba ngamandla nokuphathwa kwezimoto eziningi.