Ubuchwepheshe Bebhethri Yemoto Kagesi: Umhlahlandlela Wezixazululo Zokunikezwa Kwamandla Ngempumelelo

Ukukhula okusheshayo kwemboni yezimoto kugqamise ubuchwepheshe bamabhethri, okuyiyona nhliziyo yazo zonke izimoto zikagesi. Izimoto zikagesi zanamuhla zithembela kakhulu ezinhlotsheni ezintathu zamakhemikhali: i-lithium-ion (Li-ion), i-solid-state, kanye ne-lithium iron phosphate (LFP), ngayinye inikeza izinzuzo nezinkinga ezihlukile. Amabhethri e-Li-ion abusa imakethe iminyaka eminingi ngenxa yokugcwala kwawo kwamandla okuphezulu kanye nezinqubo zokukhiqiza ezivuthiwe, okwenza abe yisinqumo esiyinhloko ezimotweni eziningi zabagibeli. Nokho, amabhethri e-solid-state avela njengengqophamlando elandelayo, ethembisa amandla amakhulu okugcina kanye nokuphepha okuthuthukisiwe ngokushintsha i-electrolyte ewuketshezi ngento eqinile. Okwamanje, amabhethri e-LFP, agqugquzelwa umkhiqizo wezimoto i-BYD ngomklamo wawo odumile we-Blade Battery, athole ukuthandwa okukhulu ngenxa yokuzinza kwawo okukhethekile kokushisa, impilo ende yokusebenza, kanye nezindleko eziphansi, nakuba enokugcwala kwamandla okuphansi kancane. Ukuqonda lezi zinsika ezintathu zamakhemikhali amabhethri kubalulekile kunoma ibhizinisi elihlola ukuthengwa kwezimoto zikagesi noma elithuthukisa izixazululo zamandla zemikhumbi ekhulayo yezimoto zikagesi. Ubuchwepheshe ngabunye busebenzela izingxenye ezihlukene zemakethe, kusukela ezimotweni zikanokusho zikanokusho eziphezulu kuya ezimotweni ezincane ezingabizi kakhulu kanye nemikhumbi yezentengiselwano. Ukukhethwa kwamakhemikhali ebhethri kuthinta ngqo ubude bohambo lwemoto, isivinini sokushaja, impilo yonke, kanye nezindleko zokuthola, okuyizinto ezibalulekile kubaqhubi bemikhumbi kanye nabathengi ngabanye ngokufanayo. Njengoba ucwaningo luqhubeka luphusha imingcele yokugcina amandla, ukuncintisana phakathi kwala makhemikhali kuzoqhubekisela phambili ubuchwepheshe futhi kulethe izinketho eziphumelela kakhudlwana emakethe.

Ngaphezu kwamakhemikhali ayisisekelo, ukusebenza kwangempela kwebhathri yemoto kagesi kuncike kakhulu ekutheni amaseli ngamanye ahlelwe kanjani, apholise kanjani, futhi alawulwe kanjani ngaphakathi kohlelo olukhulu. Izinhlobo zamaseli ezifana namaseli ayindilinga (cylindrical), ama-prismatic, nama-pouch cells, ngalinye linezici ezihlukile zokushisa nokwakheka okumele onjiniyela bazicabangele ngesikhathi sokuklama imoto. Isibonelo, amaseli ayindilinga, njengohlobo olusetshenziswa kakhulu lwe-18650 kanye ne-21700, anikeza ukuqina okuhle kakhulu kwemishini kodwa adinga izinhlelo zokupholisa eziyinkimbinkimbi ukuze alawule ukukhishwa kokushisa. Ama-prismatic cells, avame ukusetshenziswa abakhiqizi abaningi base-Asia, anikeza ukusetshenziswa kwendawo okungcono nokuhlelwa okulula emaqenjini ebhathri kodwa angase athambekele ekukhukhumaleni ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ukuhlanganiswa kwala maseli abe amaphakethe kuhilela ukushisela okuyinkimbinkimbi, ukuxhumana kwama-busbar, kanye nezingqimba zokuvikela ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuhlukaniswa kukagesi nokuqina kwemishini. Ukuhlanganiswa kwephakethe lebhathri umsebenzi wobunjiniyela obunembile onomthelela oqondile ekuphepheni nasekuthembekeni komkhiqizo wokugcina, yingakho izinkampani eziningi zezimoto zikagesi ziqondisa utshalomali ekuphuculeni ikhwalithi yokukhiqiza nokusebenza ngokuzenzakalelayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukutholakala kwezinto zokusetshenziswa ezingavuthiwe ezifana ne-lithium, i-cobalt, i-nickel, ne-manganese kwethula izinto zezombangazwe nezokuziphatha ezinomthelela ezinhlelweni zokuthola izinto. Amabhizinisi angena emkhakheni wezimoto zikagesi kumele aqaphele ukuthi ukukhetha ubuchwepheshe bebhathri akusona nje isinqumo sobuchwepheshe kodwa isinqumo esingamasu esithinta ukuma komkhiqizo emakethe, ukuthobela imithethonqubo, kanye nezindleko zokusebenza zesikhathi eside.

Iphakethe lebhethri elingenawo uhlelo oluthuthukisiwe lokuphatha ibhethri (BMS) lifana nenjini engenawo iyunithi yokulawula — ayikwazi ukusebenza ngokuphephile noma ngempumelelo ngaphansi kwezimo ezihlukahlukene. I-BMS isebenza njengobuchopho bebhethri, iqhubeka iqapha i-voltage, i-current, izinga lokushisa, kanye nesimo sokushaja kwe-cell ngayinye noma i-module ngayinye ngaphakathi kwephakethe. Lolu lwazi lwangempela lwenza isistimu ikwazi ukulinganisa ama-voltage ama-cell, ivimbele ukushaja ngokweqile noma ukukhipha amandla ngokujulile, futhi ivikele ekufinyezweni kwesekethe, konke lokhu kubalulekile ekwandiseni impilo yebhethri. Ama-BMS athuthukile nawo abala isimo sezempilo (SOH) kanye nesimo samandla (SOP) ukuze azise isilawuli semoto ngamandla atholakalayo kanye nemikhawulo yokusebenza. Izinkampani ezifana ne-Shenzhen Fujia Power Technology Co., Ltd. zithuthukise izixazululo ze-BMS ezikhethekile ezihambisana nezinhlelo ezahlukahlukene zezimoto zikagesi, okuhlanganisa ama-e-bike, ama-e-moto, nezimoto ezinesivinini esiphansi, ziqinisekisa ukuthi ukulethwa kwamandla kuhlala kuzinzile ngaphansi kwezimo ezihlukahlukene zokusebenza.I-BMS yama-E-bikes/Ama-E-motos/izimoto ze-AGVI-Fujia iyisibonelo sendlela yokulawulwa kwamabhethri yanamuhla ehlanganisa ukuvikelwa, ukuxhumana, nokulawulwa okuhlakaniphile kumojuli emfushane. Ukulawulwa kokushisa okusebenzayo kungenye insika yokusebenza kwe-BMS, ngoba ukushisa okweqile kusheshisa ukucekelwa kwamaseli futhi kungaholela ezehlakalweni eziyinhlekelele zokushisa okungalawuleki. Izinhlelo zokupholisa ezisebenzayo ezisebenzisa uketshezi olupholile noma izindlela ezingenzi lutho njengezinto ezishintsha isigaba zisetshenziswa ngokuya ngokuminyana kwamandla kanye nezithiyo zokupakisha kwebhethri. Ezinhlelweni zezimoto ezinamasondo amabili njenge-Ola electric scooter, esebenza ezimweni zomgwaqo ezidinga ukuqala nokuma njalo, i-BMS eqinile enokuhlola ukushisa okunembile ibalulekile ekugcineni ukusebenza nokuphepha ezinkulungwaneni zemijikelezo yokushaja.

Amaphrothokholi okuxhumana afakwe kumayunithi esimanje e-BMS enza ukusebenzisana okungenazihibe phakathi kwephakethe lebhetri, isilawuli semoto, kanye nemishini yangaphandle yokushaja. I-Controller Area Network (CAN) bus iyindinganiso yemboni yokuxhumana ngaphakathi kwemoto, evumela i-BMS ukuthi idlulisele idatha ebalulekile njengamanani aphezulu okushaja kanye nezexwayiso zokushisa kushaja kanye nesilawuli senjini. Amapulatifomu athuthuke kakhulu e-BMS afaka ukuxhumana okungenazintambo kanye nokuqapha okusekelwe emafini, okunika amandla abaqhubi bezimoto ukuthi balandelele impilo yebhetri, amaphethini okusetshenziswa, kanye nezaziso zokulungiswa okubikezelwayo bekude. I-Fujia Power'sIpulatifomu yefulokhu kubonisa lokhu kuthambekela, kunikeza izixazululo zokuphatha zedijithali zokushintshana kwamabhethri nokusebenza kokuqasha emakethe yezimoto ezimbili nantathu amasondo. Izinhlelo ezinjalo zinikeza ukuvikelwa kokwebiwa, ukuhlaziywa komjikelezo wokuphila, nokuhlola okukude, okunciphisa kakhulu izingozi zokusebenza kumabhizinisi okuhamba ngokuhlanganyela. Ukuhlanganiswa kobuchwepheshe be-BMS ehlakaniphile nakho kusiza ukuthuthukiswa kwezibuyekezo ze-firmware ngendlela engenantambo (OTA), okuvumela abakhiqizi ukuthi bathuthukise ama-algorithms amabhethri futhi bangeze izici ezintsha ngaphandle kokungenelela ngokomzimba. Njengoba izimoto zikagesi zixhumana kakhulu, i-BMS izoguquka ibe isikhungo esiyinhloko esingagcini nje ngokuphatha ibhethri kodwa futhi sibe nomthelela ekuxhumaneni kwezimoto negridi (V2G) nasekuhwebeni kwamandla. Kunoma iyiphi inkampani yezimoto zikagesi, ukutshala imali kubuchwepheshe be-BMS bekhwalithi ephezulu akukona ukukhetha — kuyimfuneko eyisisekelo yokuqinisekisa ukuthembeka komkhiqizo, ukuthotsela imithethonqubo, nokwethenjwa ngamakhasimende esikhathini eside.

Ingqalasizinda yokushaja ihlala ingenye yezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu ezenza ukuthi izimoto zikagesi zamukelwe kabanzi, futhi ukuqonda umehluko phakathi kokushaja nge-AC nange-DC kubalulekile kubo bobabili abathengi namabhizinisi. Ukushaja nge-alternating current (AC), okuvame ukulethwa ngamashaja e-Level 1 noma e-Level 2, kuguqula amandla kagesi wegridi ngaphakathi kwe-charger engaphakathi emotweni, okwenza kube kancane kodwa kutholakale kalula emakhaya nasezindaweni zokusebenza. Ukushaja okusheshayo nge-direct current (DC), ngakolunye uhlangothi, kudlula i-charger engaphakathi emotweni futhi kuletha amandla ngqo ebhetri ngamandla kagesi aphezulu kakhulu namanje aphezulu, okwenza kube nokwenza ukuthi ibanga libuyele emuva ngaphansi kwemizuzu engu-30. Umncintiswano phakathi kwamazinga okushaja afana ne-CCS (Combined Charging System) ne-CHAdeMO udale ukuhlukana emakethe, nakuba i-CCS isheshe iba yizinga elibusayo emhlabeni wonke ngenxa yokwesekwa okubanzi abakhi bezimoto kanye namandla okushaja asheshayo. Amanethiwekhi afana neziteshi zokushaja ze-EVgo andise ukufinyelela kwawo eNyakatho Melika, enikela ngezixhumi ze-CCS ne-CHAdeMO ukuze amukele izinhlobo eziningi zezimoto zikagesi, kuhlanganise nezimoto ezindala ezivela eJapane. Ukutholakala kokushaja komphakathi okuthembekile kuthinta ngqo ukuzethemba kwabathengi kanye nokwenzeka kohambo olude lwezimoto zikagesi, yingakho ohulumeni nezinkampani ezizimele betshela kakhulu ekwandiseni ingqalasizinda. Emabhizinisini asebenzisa izimoto eziningi, isinqumo phakathi kokushaja nge-AC ebusuku nokushaja nge-DC ngezikhathi ezithile sincike emjikelezweni wokusebenza kwezimoto, ukwakheka kwendawo yokupaka, nezakhiwo zamanani kagesi, okudinga ukuhlela ngokucophelela nokuphathwa komthwalo.

Izingxenyekazi zobuchwepheshe ezixhumanisa igridi nemoto akubandakanyi nje isiteshi sokushaja uqobo, kodwa futhi nezintambo, izixhumi, kanye ne-electronics yamandla eqinisekisa ukudluliswa kwamandla okuphephile nokusebenza kahle. Izishaja eziphathwayo seziye zavela njengesixazululo esisebenzayo sokushaja okuphuthumayo kanye nakubashayeli abangenawo umthombo wokushaja wasekhaya ozinikele. I-Fujia Power inikeza uhla lwezixazululo zokushaja eziphathwayo, njenge-FJC series, ezihlinzeka ngamandla aguquguqukayo okukhiphayo ezinhlelweni ezahlukene zezimoto zikagesi. I-ishaja ephathwayo isigaba esivela ku-Fujia sibonisa ukuthi umklamo ohlangene nokuphathwa kwamandla okuhlakaniphile kungahlinzeka ukushaja okuthembekile ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-IKHATHALOGU YESHAJA YE-FUJIAihlinzeka ngokusekelwa kwezobuchwepheshe okuphelele kanye nokucaciswa komkhiqizo wamamodeli afana ne-FJC600WHF, iqinisekisa ukuthi amakhasimende angakwazi ukukhetha ishaja efanele yohlobo lwemoto yakhe ethile kanye nendlela yokusebenzisa. Ukusebenza kahle kwenqubo yokushaja nakho kuthonywa izici ezinjengezinga lokushisa lezindawo ezizungezile, isimo sokushaja kwebhethri, kanye nekhwalithi yezinto zikagesi ezingaphakathi kweshaja. Njengoba isivinini sokushaja siqhubeka sikhula njengoba ubuchwepheshe be-800V buya buvama, ukuphathwa kokushisa ngaphakathi kwentambo yokushaja kanye nesixhumi kuba ukucatshangelwa okubalulekile kokuphepha. Ukumiswa kwezinhlobo zamapulaki kanye namaphrothokholi okuxhumana kuzonciphisa ukudideka kwabashayeli futhi kusheshise ukusatshalaliswa kwamanethiwekhi okushaja asebenzisanayo emhlabeni wonke.

Ukuphishekela ukuminyana kwamandla aphezulu — okukalwa ngama-watt-hour ngekhilogremu (Wh/kg) — kuye kwaqhuba okuningi kwezinto ezintsha kumabhethri ezimoto zikagesi, kodwa futhi kwethula izinselele ezinkulu zokuphepha. Ukuminyana kwamandla aphezulu kusho ukuthi amandla amaningi agcinwa endaweni efanayo ebonakalayo, okwandisa imiphumela engaba khona yokwehluleka kweseli noma ukufushaniswa kwesekethe. Amabhethri e-lithium-ion anama-cathode acebile nge-nickel (NMC ne-NCA) anikeza ukuminyana kwamandla okuhle kakhulu kodwa athambekele kakhulu ekushiseni okungalawuleki (thermal runaway) ngaphansi kwezimo ezinzima njengokushaja ngokweqile, ukufushaniswa kwangaphakathi, noma ukulimala ngokomzimba. Amabhethri e-LFP, nakuba enikeza ukuminyana kwamandla okuphansi (ngokuvamile 90–160 Wh/kg uma kuqhathaniswa no-200–260 Wh/kg we-NMC), anikeza ukuzinza okuphezulu kokushisa kanye nomkhawulo ophezulu kakhulu wokushisa okungalawuleki, okwenza abe phephile ngokwemvelo ezinhlelweni lapho ukuphepha kubaluleke kakhulu. Ukuhwebelana phakathi kokuminyana kwamandla nokuphepha kuthinta zonke izici zokuklanywa kwemoto, kusukela ekwakhekeni kwephakethe lebhethri kuya ekukhetheni izinhlelo zokupholisa nezinto zokuvikela. Abakhi bezimoto kumele balinganisele ukulindela kwabathengi ubude obude bokuhamba ngaphansi kwesidingo sokuqinisekisa ukuphepha ezimotweni uma kwenzeka ingozi. Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu ezimakethe ezisafufukayo lapho uhla lwezimoto zikagesi zakwaMahindra, ngokwesibonelo, kumele lubhekane nezimo zezulu ezihlukahlukene kanye nengqalasizinda yemigwaqo ngenkathi lugcina ukusebenza okuncintisanayo nokufinyeleleka kwezindleko.

Ngaphandle kwe-chemistry, ukwakheka kwemishini kwephakethe lebhetri kudlala indima ebalulekile ekuquketheni ukwehluleka nokuvimbela ukusakazeka kusuka kuseli elilodwa kuye kumaseli angomakhelwane. Izithiyo ezishisayo, ama-valve okukhipha umfutho, nezinto ezingavuthi mlilo zihlanganiswa emaphaketheni anamuhla ukuze kuhlukaniswe izehlakalo ezishisayo futhi kutholakale isikhathi esibalulekile sokuthi abagibeli bemoto baphume ngokuphepha. Ama-algorithms athuthukile e-BMS angathola izimpawu zakuqala zokonakala kwamaseli, njengokuchezuka okuncane kwe-voltage noma ukwanda kokumelana kwangaphakathi, futhi aqalise izexwayiso noma akhawule amandla ukuze avimbele izimo eziyingozi. Imboni yezimoto nayo ithuthukise izindinganiso eziqinile zokuhlola, okuhlanganisa ukugwaza ngezipikili, ukushaja ngokweqile, ukucindezela, nokuhlola ukujikeleza kwezinga lokushisa, ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuphepha kwebhetri ngaphambi kokukhiqizwa. Imithethonqubo efana ne-UN R100 kanye ne-GB/T 31485 e-China ibeka izimfuneko eziqinile zokuphepha kwephakethe lebhetri, iqhube ukuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo ekwakhiweni kwamaseli namamojula. Kunoma yiliphi inkampani yezimoto zikagesi, ukubonisa umlando oqinile wokuphepha kubalulekile ekutheni igama lomkhiqizo liqashelwe kanye nokugunyazwa kwemithethonqubo, ikakhulukazi njengoba ohulumeni beqinisa izimfuneko zokuphepha zezimoto zikagesi. Ubuchwepheshe be-Fujia Power ku-BMS nasekuklanyweni kwama-charger bunomthelela kulolu hlelo lokuphepha ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi ama-electronics amandla nezinhlelo zokuphatha zihlangabezana nezindinganiso eziphezulu kakhulu zokwethembeka. Ukuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo kwamabhetri asesimweni esiqinile kuthembisa ukuqhubekela phambili ekuthuthukiseni isimo sokuphepha ngokuqeda ngokuphelele ama-electrolyte awuketshezi avuthayo, okungenzeka kunikeze intuthuko enkulu kukho kokubili ukuminyana kwamandla nokuphepha.

Ukukhula okusheshayo kwemakethe yezimoto zikagesi kudale uhlelo oluqinile lwezinkampani ezihlinzeka ngamandla ezinikezela ngezingxenye ezibalulekile ezisukela kumaseli ebhethri kuya kwingqalasizinda yokushaja nezinhlelo zokuphatha. Lezi zinkampani zisebenza njengomgogodla wemboni yezimoto zikagesi, zinika amandla abakhiqizi bezimoto nabaqhubi bezimoto ukuze basabalalise izixazululo zokuhamba zikagesi ezithembekile, eziphumelelayo, neziphephile. I-Shenzhen Fujia Power Technology Co., Ltd. (深圳市富嘉电源科技有限公司) ingenye yezinkampani eziye zaziqhenya ngokuthuthukisa izixazululo zokuguqula amandla nokuphatha amabhethri emkhakheni wezimoto zikagesi. Ngeqembu elizinikele locwaningo nokuthuthukisa kanye namandla okukhiqiza agxile ku-BMS yamabhethri e-lithium nakuma-charger, i-Fujia Power isekela izinhlobo eziningi zezimoto, okuhlanganisa ama-e-bike, ama-e-moto, izimoto zegalofu, nezimoto ezinesivinini esiphansi. InkampaniMayelana Nathiikhasi ligqamisa ubudlelwano bamasu, izitifiketi, nokuzibophezela kwekhwalithi, okubonisa ukujula kobuchwepheshe obudingekayo ukuze uphumelele kulo mkhakha onokuncintisana. Izinkampani ezihlinzeka ngamandla nazo zidlala indima ebalulekile ekwenzeni izinto zibe sezingeni elifanayo kanye namaphrothokholi, ziqinisekisa ukuthi ama-charger nama-BMS units avela kubakhiqizi abahlukene asebenza ndawonye ngaphandle kwezinkinga. Umnikelo wazo awugcini nje ngehadiwe kodwa ufaka nezinkundla zesofthiwe zokuqapha ukude, ukuhlaziya idatha, kanye nezibuyekezo ezingaphezu komoya, okuyizinto ezibaluleke kakhulu ekuphathweni kwezimoto eziningi nasekuthuthukisweni kwempilo yemoto.

I-ImikhiqizoIkhasi le-Fujia Power libonisa uhlu olubanzi lwemikhiqizo ehlanganisa ama-charger aphathwayo, ama-charger angangeni emanzini, kanye nama-BMS protection board ezinhlelweni ezahlukene ze-EV, okubonisa ububanzi bokusungula okwenzekayo kulo mkhakha. Lezi zixazululo zokunikezwa kwamandla ziklanyelwe ukubhekana nezinselelo zomhlaba wangempela ezifana nokumelana nesimo sezulu, ukumelana nokudlidliza, kanye nokuhambisana namakhemikhali ahlukene ebhethri. Izinkampani ezifana ne-Fujia nazo zitshala kakhulu ekuhlolweni nasekuqinisekisweni ukuze zihlangabezane namazinga omhlaba wonke okuphepha nokusebenza, okubalulekile ekuthumeleni imikhiqizo ezimakethe zomhlaba wonke. Ingxenye yezimoto zikagesi zakwaMahindra eNdiya, ngokwesibonelo, ihlomula kubaphakeli bendawo nabamazwe ngamazwe abathembekile abahlinzeka nge-electronics yamandla elungiselelwe izimo zokusebenza eziyingqayizivele zalezozwezwe. Ngokufanayo, i-Ola electric scooter incike kuma-charger asebenza kahle nobuchwepheshe be-BMS ukuze ilethe ukushaja okusheshayo nobude obude obudingwa abagibeli basemadolobheni. Njengoba imakethe ye-EV ikhula, izinkampani zokunikezwa kwamandla zizohlukanisana ngokuya nge-vertical integration, amakhono esofthiwe, nokusekelwa kwamakhasimende. Ukusebenzisana phakathi kwabakhi bezimoto, abakhi bamabhethri, nabaphakeli be-power electronics kubalulekile ekusheshiseni uguquko oluya ezintweni zokuhamba zikagesi, futhi izinkampani ezifana ne-Fujia Power zingaphambili kulolu shintsho.Ukusekela ikhasi liphinde libonise ukubaluleka kwenkonzo yangemva kokuthengisa nemibhalo yobuchwepheshe ekwakheni ubudlelwano besikhathi eside namakhasimende nokuqinisekisa ukusetshenziswa ngempumelelo kwezinhlelo zamandla ze-EV.

Imboni yezimoto zikagesi ayimi ndawonye, futhi imikhuba eminingana eguqukayo isilungiselela ukuguqula indlela izimoto ezishajwa ngayo, indlela ezisebenzisana ngayo negridi, kanye nendlela amabhethri aphathwa ngayo ekupheleni kwempilo yawo. Ubuchwepheshe bokushaja ngokungenazintambo, obusekelwe ekudlulisweni kwamandla ngokungenazingcingo, buthembisa ukuqeda ubunzima bokuxhuma izintambo futhi bungakwazi ukunika amandla ukushaja okuzenzakalelayo kwemikhumbi yezimoto ezizimele. Nakuba izinhlelo zamanje ezingenazintambo zisebenza kahle kancane kunezokushaja ngezintambo, ucwaningo oluqhubekayo luphushela emazingeni aphezulu amandla nokubekezelela ukuhambisana okungcono, okwenza ubuchwepheshe buvele bube nokwenzeka ezimotweni zabantu kanye nasemabhasi ezokuthutha zomphakathi. Ubuchwepheshe be-Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) bumele olunye uguquko olukhulu, okuvumela izimoto zikagesi ukuthi zisebenze njengezimpahla zokugcina amandla ezisatshalalisiwe ezingakwazi ukubuyisela amandla egridini ngezikhathi zesidingo esiphezulu. Lokhu kugeleza kwamandla okuya nhlangothi zombili kudinga ubuchwepheshe obuyinkimbinkimbi bamandla kagesi namaphrothokholi okuxhumana, kanye nezinhlaka zokulawula ezikhokhela abanikazi bezimoto zikagesi ngezinsiza zegridi. Inethiwekhi yeziteshi zokushaja ze-EVgo, kanye nabanye abaqhubi abakhulu, sebeqala ukuhlola izinto zokusebenza ezihambisana ne-V2G, okubonisa ikusasa lapho izimoto zikagesi zingezona nje izisebenzisi zikagesi kodwa zibe ngabahlanganyeli abasebenzayo emakethe yamandla. Ukugaywa kabusha kwamabhethri kungumkhuba wesithathu obalulekile, ubhekana nomthelela wemvelo wezigidi zamaphakethe amabhethri asetshenzisiwe azodinga ukucutshungulwa emashumini eminyaka ezayo.

Izinqubo eziphumelelayo zokugaywa kabusha zingathola izinto eziyigugu ezifana ne-lithium, i-cobalt, i-nickel, ne-copper, okunciphisa isidingo sokumba izimayini ezintsha kanye nokwehlisa umkhondo wekhabhoni wonkana wokukhiqizwa kwe-EV. Izindlela ze-hydrometallurgical nezokugaywa kabusha okuqondile ziya zithandwa kakhulu njengezinye izindlela ezingabizi kakhulu futhi ezilungele imvelo kunezindlela zendabuko ze-pyrometallurgical smelting. I-IzindabaIsigaba sabaholi bezimboni sivame ukuqokomisa ubambiswano namaphrojekthi okuhlola agxile kumaketanga okugcina amabhetri avalekile, okubonisa ukubaluleka okukhulayo kokusimama emkhakheni wezimoto zikagesi (EV). Okunye ukuthuthuka okubalulekile ukwanda kweziteshi zokushintsha amabhetri, ikakhulukazi ezimoto ezinamasondo amabili nantathu e-Asia, lapho i-Ola electric scooter nabanye abakhiqizi behlola amanethiwekhi okushintsha ukuze baqede isikhathi sokulinda nokushaja. Izixazululo ze-BMS ze-Fujia Power zezinhlelo zokwabelana ngokushintsha amabhetri zibonisa indlela ubuchwepheshe bamandla kagesi obungaguqulwa ngayo ukusekela leli bhizinisi elikhula ngokushesha. Ukuhlangana kwalezi zinto — ukushaja ngokungenantambo, i-V2G, ukugaywa kabusha, nokushintsha — kuzodala uhlelo lwe-EV oluvumelana nezimo, oluqinile, nolusimeme. Kunoma iyiphi inkampani yezimoto zikagesi efuna ukuhlala iqhudelana, ukutshala kulezi zobuchwepheshe zesikhathi esizayo akukona ukukhetha kodwa kuyisidingo esibalulekile. Izinkampani ezihlinzeka ngamandla ezisekela imboni ye-EV zizoqhubeka nokusungula izinto ezintsha kanye nabakhiqizi bezimoto, zithuthukisa izixazululo ezihlakaniphile, eziphumelelayo, nezisimeme eziyoqhuba igagasi elilandelayo lokwamukelwa kwezimoto zikagesi emhlabeni wonke.

Izinhlobo ezintathu zamabhetri ayinhloko ezisetshenziswa ezimotweni zikagesi zanamuhla (EVs) yi-lithium-ion (Li-ion), i-solid-state, ne-lithium iron phosphate (LFP). Amabhetri e-Li-ion anamandla okugcina amandla aphezulu futhi asetshenziswa kabanzi ezimotweni zabagibeli. Amabhetri e-solid-state ubuchwepheshe obusafufusa obushintsha i-electrolyte ewuketshezi ngento eqinile, ethembisa ukuphepha okuphezulu namandla okugcina amandla amaningi. Amabhetri e-LFP, aziwa ngokuzinza kwawo ekushiseni nokuphila isikhathi eside, aya ngokuya ethandwa ezimotweni zikagesi ezingenela neziphakathi nendawo, ikakhulukazi ekhuthazwa umkhiqizo wezimoto i-BYD ekwakhiweni kwawo kwe-Blade Battery.

Uhlelo Lokulawulwa Kwebhethri (BMS) luqhubeka luqapha amandla kagesi, amandla okugeleza, izinga lokushisa, kanye nesimo sokushaja kweyunithi ngayinye, lilolonge ukuze livimbele ukushaja ngokweqile, ukukhishwa okujulile, kanye nokufinyezwa kwesekethe. Luphinde lubale isimo sezempilo kanye nesimo samandla ukuze lwazise isilawuli semoto ngemikhawulo yamandla atholakalayo. Amayunithi e-BMS athuthukile afaka ukulawulwa kokushisa, ukuxhumana nge-CAN bus, kanye nokuxhumana ngefu ukuze kutholakale ukuxilongwa kude. Kunoma yiliphi inkampani yezimoto zikagesi, ukuhlanganisa i-BMS eqinile kubalulekile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuphila isikhathi eside kwebhethri, ukusebenza okuphephile, kanye nokuhambisana nezindinganiso zokulawula.

Ukushaja nge-AC (i-alternating current) kusebenzisa i-charger engaphakathi emotweni ukuguqula amandla kagesi we-grid kube i-DC, okwenza kube kancane kodwa kufanelekele ukufakwa ekhaya nasemsebenzini. Ukushaja okusheshayo nge-DC (i-direct current) kuletha amandla ngqo ebhetri ngama-voltage aphezulu, okwenza ukushaja ngokushesha ngaphansi kwemizuzu engu-30. Ama-charger e-DC asebenzisa izindinganiso ezifana ne-CCS noma i-CHAdeMO, kanti i-CCS iba ngumholi womhlaba wonke. Amanethiwekhi afana neziteshi zokushaja ze-EVgo anikeza zombili izinhlobo zokuxhuma ukusekela izinhlobo eziningi zezimoto ze-EV.

Amabhethri e-LFP (lithium iron phosphate) anesakhiwo sekristalu esizinzile kakhulu esimelana nokushisa okweqile uma kuqhathaniswa namabhethri e-NMC (nickel manganese cobalt). Lokhu kuzinza okungokwemvelo kokushisa kusho ukuthi amaseli e-LFP mancane amathuba okuthi abambe umlilo noma aqhume ngaphansi kokushajwa ngokweqile, ukulimala ngokomzimba, noma izimo zokushisa okuphezulu. Nakuba i-LFP inamandla aphansi okugcina amandla, ukuphepha kwayo okuphezulu kuyenza ibe ukukhetha okuhle ezimweni lapho ukuphepha nokuphila kwesikhathi eside kubaluleke kakhulu kunobude obukhulu bebanga.

Izinkampani ezifana ne-Shenzhen Fujia Power Technology Co., Ltd. ziklama futhi zikhiqize izingxenye ezibalulekile ezihlanganisa ama-Battery Management Systems, ama-portable chargers, ama-waterproof chargers, kanye nama-power conversion modules ezinhlobonhlobo zezimoto zikagesi. Imizamo yazo ye-R&D igxile ekuthuthukiseni ukusebenza kahle kokushaja, ukuphathwa kokushisa, kanye nezimiso zokuxhumana. Ngokuhlinzeka nge-hardware ethembekile kanye nezinkundla zokuqapha ezisekelwe e- cloud, lezi zinkampani zokuhlinzeka ngamandla zivumela abakhiqizi bezimoto kanye nabaqhubi bezimoto ukuthi bathumele izimoto zikagesi eziphephile, ezisebenza kahle, nezixhumene ezimakethe zomhlaba wonke.

Izinselelo ezibalulekile zihlanganisa ukuhlukaniseka kwezindinganiso zokushaja (CCS vs CHAdeMO), ukungalingani kokusabalala kwezindawo zokushaja ezisheshayo ngokwezindawo, ukulinganiselwa kwamandla kagesi ezindaweni eziminyene zasemadolobheni, kanye nezindleko eziphezulu zokuqala zokufaka iziteshi zokushaja ezisheshayo ze-DC. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuqinisekisa ukusebenzisana phakathi kwamanethiwekhi ahlukene okushaja nezinhlobo zezimoto kuseyinkinga yezobuchwepheshe neyemithetho. Ukuthembeka kokushaja, ukuhlukaniseka kwezinhlelo zokukhokha, kanye nokunakekelwa kweziteshi ezikhona nakho kuthinta ulwazi lomsebenzisi namazinga okwamukelwa.

Ubuchwepheshe be-V2G bunika amandla okuhamba kagesi ngazo zombili izinhlangothi phakathi kwemoto kagesi negridi kagesi. Uma imoto imisiwe futhi ixhunywe kushaja ehambisanayo, ingakwazi ukudlulisa amandla agciniwe ebhetri layo ibuyele egridini ngezikhathi zesidingo esiphezulu. Lokhu kudinga izinto zikagesi ezikhethekile, izimiso zokuxhumana, kanye nokulinganisa okuhlakaniphile. Abanikazi bezimoto zikagesi bangathola imali noma amakhredithi ngokunikeza izinsiza zegridi, kuyilapho izinkampani zikagesi zithola isitoreji esisabalalisiwe esivumelana nezimo ukuze zilinganisele ukushintshashintsha kwamandla avuselelekayo futhi zinciphise ingcindezi yomthwalo ophezulu.

Amabhetri e-Solid-state angubuchwepheshe besizukulwane esilandelayo obulindelwe kakhulu, eshintsha i-electrolyte ewuketshezi ngento eqinile engavuthi futhi evumela ukuminyana kwamandla okuphezulu. Amabhetri e-Lithium-sulfur anikeza ukuminyana kwamandla okucatshangwayo okudlula kakhulu amaseli e-Li-ion amanje kodwa abhekana nezinselelo zokuphila komjikelezo. Amabhetri e-Silicon-anode angakhuphula kakhulu umthamo ngokushintsha i-graphite nge-silicon, nakuba njengamanje ehlushwa izinkinga zokunwebeka. Ucwaningo ngamabhetri e-sodium-ion nalo luyaqhubeka njengenye indlela enezindleko eziphansi, enezinto ezitholakala kakhulu zokugcina izinto ezimile kanye nama-EV asezingeni lokungena.

Amabhizinisi kufanele ahlole izinhlobo zezimoto zomkhumbi wazo, amaphethini wamabanga ansuku zonke, kanye nendawo yokusebenza ukuze anqume amandla okushaja adingekayo, izinhlobo zokuxhuma, kanye nezici ze-BMS. Okubalulekile okufanele kucatshangwe kufaka phakathi ukwakheka kwe-voltage yezimoto (400V vs 800V), ukutholakala kwamandla kagesi ezindaweni zokupaka, kanye nesidingo sokuqapha kude nokuphathwa komthwalo. Ukubonisana nezinkampani ezinolwazi ezinikezela ngamandla njenge-Fujia Power, ukubuyekeza IKHATHALOGU YAMA-CHARGER E-FUJIA, futhi ukuhlola izinketho ze-portable charger kungasiza ukwakha isixazululo esilinganisa izindleko, ukusebenza, nokukhula.

Ukusetshenziswa kabusha kwamabhethri kubuyisela izinto ezibalulekile ezifana ne-lithium, i-cobalt, i-nickel, ne-copper kumabhethri ezimoto zikagesi asetshenzisiwe, kunciphisa umthelela wemvelo wokumbiwa kwezinto kanye nokwehlisa umkhondo wekhabhoni wokukhiqizwa kwamabhethri amasha. Izindlela ze-hydrometallurgical nezokuqondisa ukusetshenziswa kabusha zisebenza kangcono futhi zihlanzekile kune-smelting yendabuko. Ukusetshenziswa kabusha okuphumelelayo kubuye kubhekane nezidingo zemithethonqubo zokuphathwa kokuphela kokuphila kwamabhethri futhi kusiza ukuqinisekisa amaketanga okuhlinzeka kwezinto ezibalulekile, okwenza uhlelo lonke lwezimoto zikagesi lusimame futhi lusebenze kahle kwezomnotho esikhathini eside.