Ubuchwepheshe Bebhethri Yemoto Kagesi: Ukuqonda Okuthuthukile Kwezinhlelo Zamandla E-EV Ezihlakaniphile

Inguquko yezimoto zikagesi incike ngokuphelele kubuchwepheshe bebhetri obunika amandla imoto ngayinye, isithuthuthu, neloli emgwaqweni. Ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali ebhetri kunquma ukuthi imoto ingahamba ibanga elingakanani, ingashaja ngokushesha okungakanani, ihlala iphephile kangakanani impilo yayo yonke, nokuthi lonke uhlelo lubiza malini ukukhiqizwa. Iminyaka eminingi, amabhetri e-nickel manganese cobalt (NMC) abe ngawona abusa emakethe yezimoto zikagesi zabagibeli ngenxa yokugcwala kwawo kwamandla okuphezulu nokukhipha amandla okuhle kakhulu. Nokho, amabhetri e-lithium iron phosphate (LFP) athole isabelo esikhulu emakethe ngenxa yokuphepha kwawo okungcono, ukuphila isikhathi eside, nezindleko eziphansi zezinto zokwakha. Umkhiqizi wezimoto i-BYD, ngokwesibonelo, waqala ukwenza i-Blade Battery esebenzisa ubuchwepheshe be-LFP, edlula izivivinyo zokubhoboza ngesipikili ngaphandle kokuthatha umlilo futhi inikeza ukuqina okukhethekile ekushayeleni kwansuku zonke. Ukuqonda lokhu kushintshana kwamakhemikhali kubalulekile kunoma ibhizinisi elihlola izimoto zikagesi zezimoto zalo noma imisebenzi yalo.

Amakhemikhali ahlukene ebhethri nawo anomthelela ekuziphatheni kokushaja nasekusebenzeni kahle esimweni sezulu esibandayo, izici ezimbili ezibalulekile ekwamukelweni kwezimoto zikagesi emhlabeni wonke. Amabhethri e-NMC ngokuvamile aphatha ukushaja ngokushesha kangcono ezindaweni ezibandayo, kuyilapho amabhethri e-LFP edinga ukuphathwa ngokucophelela kokushisa ngezinyanga zasebusika ukuze agcine ukusebenza kahle. Ukwakheka kwephakethe lebhethri, njengemiklamo ye-cell-to-pack, kuqhubekisela phambili ukuminyana kwamandla ngokususa izakhiwo zamamojula aphakathi nendawo nokwandisa umthamo wezinto ezisebenzayo. Izinkampani ezifana ne-Rivian zamukele amaseli amakhulu ayindilinga ezimoto zazo zikagesi ezingamaloli nezimoto ze-SUV, zigcizelela ukuqina kwesakhiwo nokuphathwa kokushisa ezimweni ezinzima zangaphandle komgwaqo. Abaqhubi bezimoto ezinkulu kumele bacabangele indawo yokusebenza nomjikelezo womsebenzi wezimoto zabo lapho bekhetha amakhemikhali ebhethri, ngoba ukukhetha okungalungile kungaholela ekuwohlokeni ngaphambi kwesikhathi noma ebangeni elinganele. Ucwaningo oluqhubekayo mayelana namakhemikhali angena-cobalt kanye ne-high-manganese kuthembisa ukuqhubekisela phambili ukwehlisa izindleko kuyilapho kugcinwa ukuphepha nokusebenza kahle ezinhlelweni ezahlukahlukene.

Inethiwekhi yokushaja ethembekile nevamile ingase ibe yinto yesibili ebalulekile ngemuva kwebhethri ngokwalo lapho abathengi becabanga ukushintshela ezimotweni zikagesi. Ngaphandle kokufinyelela okulula kokushaja, ngisho nobuchwepheshe obuhle kakhulu bebhethri abukwazi ukuletha ukusebenza okulindelwe abashayeli ezimotweni zabo, ikakhulukazi ohambweni lwezibanga ezinde. Iziteshi zokushaja zikaTata Power sezibonakala zivamile emgwaqweni omkhulu waseNdiya nasezikhungweni zamadolobha, zinikeza kokubili ukushaja kancane kwe-AC nokushaja ngokushesha kwe-DC ezinhlobonhlobo zezimoto zikagesi namabhasi. Inkampani ibambisane nemikhiqizo eminingi yezimoto nezinhlaka zikahulumeni ukufaka izishaja ezinkulungwane, okwenza uhambo lwezibanga ezinde ngezimoto zikagesi lube nokwenzeka ngokwengeziwe ekusetshenzisweni kwansuku zonke. Lolu hlobo lokutshalwa kwezimali kwingqalasizinda luqondana ngqo nokuthuthuka kobuchwepheshe bebhethri ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi amandla angagcwaliswa ngokushesha nangokuthembekile lapho abashayeli beya khona. Emabhizinisini asebenzisa izimoto zikagesi, ukuba nokufinyelela okubikezelwe kwingqalasizinda yokushaja kuyimfuneko engenakuphikiswa ukuze kugcinwe ukusebenza okuqhubekayo nokuhlangabezana nezinhlelo zokulethwa.

Ingqalasizinda yokushaja ayihlanganisi nje kuphela i-hardware ebonakalayo, kodwa futhi izimiso zokuxhumana, izinhlelo zokukhokha, kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwegridi okumele kusebenze ndawonye ngaphandle kwezinkinga ukuze kunikezwe umsebenzisi isipiliyoni esihle. Izifunda ezahlukene zamukele amazinga ahlukene okuxhuma, njenge-CCS, CHAdeMO, ne-NACS, okudala ukuhlukana okuthi imboni ikancane ikancane ikuxazulule ngama-charger amaningi amazinga nezixazululo zama-adaptha. Emabhizinisini asebenzisa izimoto zikagesi eziyizikuta noma izimoto ezinamasondo amathathu, ukuba nezixazululo zokushaja ezithembekile nezithengekayo kubaluleke kakhulu ukuze kugcinwe inzuzo nokutholakala kwezimoto. Isibonelo, uhlelo lwe-ola electric scooter luhlanganisa kokubili izinto zokushaja zasekhaya neziteshi zokushintsha amabhethri ukuze kubhekwane nezidingo ezithile zabagibeli basemadolobheni abangenawo umgceke wokupaka wangasese. Ngaphezu kwalokho,ishaja ephathwayo izixazululo ziye zavela njengendlela esebenzayo yokulondoloza abashayeli abadinga ukushaja okuphuthumayo ngaphandle kokufinyelela engqalasizindeni emisiwe, zinikeza ukuthula kwengqondo ikakhulukazi ezindaweni lapho amanethiwekhi okushaja asathuthuka. Izinkampani ezitshala imali ezinhlelweni ezibanzi zokushaja, okuhlanganisa ukushaja endaweni yokugcina izimoto kanye nobambiswano lwamanethiwekhi omphakathi, zizothola inzuzo enkulu yokuncintisana njengoba ukusetshenziswa kwezimoto zikagesi kushesha.

Ukwehla kwekhwalithi yebhetri kuyinqubo engenakugwemeka, kodwa izinga layo lincike kakhulu ekutheni ibhetri isetshenziswa kanjani, ishajwa kanjani, futhi igcinwa kanjani phakathi nesikhathi sokusebenza kwayo emotweni. Izinto ezibaluleke kakhulu ezithinta ukuguga kwekhalenda nokujikeleza kufaka phakathi ukuchayeka ezingeni lokushisa, ububanzi bokusebenza kwesimo sokushaja, amazinga okushaja nokukhipha amandla, kanye nokujula komjikelezo ngamunye wokukhipha amandla phakathi nokusetshenziswa kwansuku zonke. Ukugcina ibhetri ye-lithium-ion phakathi kuka-20% no-80% wesimo sokushaja ngokushayela kwansuku zonke kunciphisa kakhulu ingcindezi kuma-electrode naku-electrolyte, kwandise impilo yokusebenza ngamakhulu amajikelezo uma kuqhathaniswa nokushaja nokukhipha amandla okugcwele. Amazinga okushisa aphezulu ngaphezu kuka-40°C asheshisa ukusabela kwamakhemikhali ngaphakathi kweseli okuholela ekulahlekelweni kwamandla nokwenyuka kokumelana kwangaphakathi, kuyilapho ukushaja emazingeni okushisa abandayo kungabangela ukufakwa kwe-lithium okulimaza unomphela isakhiwo se-anode. Uhlelo oluphezulu lokuphatha ibhetri (BMS) ludlala indima ebalulekile ekuqapheni ama-voltage eseli, amazinga okushisa, nemisinga ukuze kugcinwe yonke iseli ngaphakathi kwefasitela layo lokusebenza eliphephile ngaso sonke isikhathi. Abaphathi bezimoto abaqeqesha abashayeli ngemikhuba efanele yokushaja futhi basebenzise amashejuli okushaja ahlakaniphile banganciphisa kakhulu ukwehla kwekhwalithi yebhetri nezindleko zobunikazi ezihlangene kuyo yonke imikhumbi yabo yezimoto.

Izinhlelo Zesimanje Zokuphatha Amabhethri (BMS) ziguquke zisuka kokubonisa amandla kagesi okulula zaba izilawuli eziyinkimbinkimbi ezilinganisa amaseli ngokusebenzayo, zilinganisa isimo sokugcwala ngokunemba okuphezulu, futhi zixhumana nekhompyutha emaphakathi yemoto ukuze zithuthukise ukusebenza ngesikhathi sangempela. Izinkampani ezifana ne-Fujia Power (深圳市富嘉电源科技有限公司) zikhethekile ekuthuthukiseni izixazululo eziphelele ze-BMS zezinhlobonhlobo zezimoto zikagesi, kusukela kuma-e-bike nama-e-moto kuya kuma-golf cart nezimoto ezihamba kancane, zisebenzela kokubili abakhiqizi bokuqala (OEMs) kanye namakhasimende ezimakethe zangemva kokuthengisa. ZonaImikhiqizoiphothifoliyo ihlanganisa amabhodi e-BMS anokuxhumana nge-Bluetooth, izici ezithuthukile zokulawula ukushisa, kanye namasekhethi okuvikela amandla kagesi ngokweqile athuthukisa kokubili ukuphepha nokuphila isikhathi eside kwezinhlelo ezihlukahlukene. Abaqhubi bezimoto zohlelo bangahlomula futhi ezinkundleni zokuqapha ezisekelwe emafini ezihlanganisa idatha yamabhethri emazweni amakhulu ezimoto, okuvumela ukulungiswa okubikezelwayo nokuhlela ukushintshwa ngokusekelwe ezindleleni zokusebenzisa zangempela. Ukutshala imali ku-BMS yekhwalithi ephezulu kumthengisi onethemba kungenye yezindlela ezingabiza kakhulu kunazo zonke.inkampani yezimoto zikagesi ongayithatha ukunciphisa izindleko zewaranti nokuthuthukisa ukwaneliseka kwamakhasimende. Njengoba amanani amabhethri eqhubeka ehlala, ukwelula isikhathi sokusebenza ngokuphathwa okuhlakaniphile kubaluleka nakakhulu ekuzuzeni izindleko zokunikwa impahla ezinhle.

Izindleko zamabhokisi ebhethri ye-lithium-ion zehle kakhulu eminyakeni eyishumi edlule, kusukela ngaphezu kuka-1,100 dollar nge-kilowatt-hour ngo-2010 kuya ngaphansi kuka-140 dollar nge-kilowatt-hour ngo-2024, okwenza izimoto zikagesi zibe nathengeka kakhulu kubathengi abajwayelekile kanye namabhizinisi ngokufanayo. Lokhu kwehla kwezindleko kuqhutshwe ubukhulu bezomnotho ekukhiqizeni amaseli, ukuthuthuka okukhulu ekuvumeni kokukhiqiza, kanye nokushintsha kwemboni yonke kumakhemikhali amancane e-cathode njenge-LFP okunciphisa ukuncika ezintweni ezingavuthiwe. Nokho, amabhokisi ebhethri asamele ingxenye ebiza kakhulu kunazo zonke kunoma iyiphi imoto kagesi, ngokuvamile enza u-25% kuya ku-40% wezindleko zayo zonke zemoto kuye ngosayizi webhokisi, ikhemikhali, nomkhiqizi. Ezinhlelweni zokuhweba ezifana nezimfucuza zokulethwa, izinsizakalo zokugibela izimoto, noma ukuthuthwa kwempahla yomgwaqo wokugcina, impilo yomjikelezo webhethri inquma ngqo impilo ewusizo yemoto kanye nenzuzo yonke yokutshalwa kwezimali kumsebenzisi. Ngakho-ke, amabhizinisi kufanele ahlole hhayi nje intengo yokuthenga yokuqala kodwa futhi nendlela elindelekile yokuncipha, ukumbozwa kwewaranti, kanye nesikhathi sokushintsha lapho ekhetha izimoto nabahlinzeki bebhethri bezimfucuza zawo. Umkhuba oqhubekayo wokuhlanganiswa okuqondile, lapho abakhiqizi bezimoto benza amaseli namabhokisi abo, usaqhubeka uguqula izakhiwo zezindleko kanye nokuguquguquka kochungechunge lokuhlinzeka kuyo yonke imboni.

Izingxenye ezahlukene zemakethe zithola izimo ezahlukene zezindleko ngokusekelwe kubukhulu bebhethri, ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali, kanye nomthamo wokukhiqiza, okudinga ukuhlaziywa kwezomnotho okukhethekile kusetshenziswa ngalunye. Emalolini akahle kagesi afana nalawo akhiqizwa yi-Rivian, amaphakethe amakhulu ebhethri angaphezu kuka-130 kilowatt-amahora aphusha izintengo zezimoto phezulu, kodwa inkampani ikubuyisela lokhu ngokuhlanganisa ngokuqondile ukuhlanganiswa kwamamojula ebhethri kanye nezinhlelo zokuphatha ukushisa ezingokwemvelo ezithuthukisa ukusebenza. Emkhakheni wezimoto ezinamasondo amabili namanxantathu, amabhethri mancane futhi ashibhile ngokwezilinganiso eziphelele, kodwa amelela ingxenye ephezulu kakhulu yezindleko zezimoto uma kuqhathaniswa nohlaka olulula kanye nohlelo lokushayela olusetshenziswa kulezi zimoto. Isikuta sikagesi sika-Ola, ngokwesibonelo, sisebenzisa iphakethe lebhethri elingu-3 kuya ku-4 kilowatt-amahora elibiza kancane kakhulu kunamaphakethe ezimoto kodwa kusamele lilethe ukusebenza okuthembekile ezinkulungwaneni zemijikelezo yokushaja ezimweni ezinzima zasemadolobheni ezinokushisa okuphezulu. Njengoba izintengo zamabhethri ziqhubeka zehla futhi ukuminyana kwamandla kukhuphuka, izindleko zokutholakala kwezimoto zikagesi kulindeleka ukuthi zifinyelele ekulinganeni nezimoto ezinjini zokuvutha ngaphakathi kweminyaka emihlanu ezayo. Emabhizinisini, ukuqonda lezi zindlela zezindleko kubalulekile ekwenzeni izinqumo ezinolwazi zokuthenga kanye nokuhlela imijikelezo yokushintsha izimoto ekhulisa imbuyiselo yezomnotho.

Ukuphepha kwebhethri kuhlala kuyinto ebaluleke kakhulu kuzo zonke izinkampani zezimoto zikagesi, njengoba izehlakalo zokushisa ngokweqile zingabhubhisa izimoto, zonakalise impahla, futhi zicekele phansi ukwethenjwa komphakathi kulo lonke uhlelo lobuchwepheshe. Amaphakethe ebhethri esimanje ezimoto zikagesi ahlanganisa izendlalelo eziningi zokuvikela, eqala ezingeni leseli ngezihlukanisi ezivala ukugeleza kwezimbotshana emazingeni aphezulu okushisa kanye nezigcwalisi ze-electrolyte ezinciphisa ukwakheka kwegesi ngezimo zokuhlukunyezwa. Ezingeni lemodyuli, izinto zokuxhumanisa ukushisa, amapuleti okupholisa, nezendlalelo zokugquma ziklanyelwe ukuvimbela ukusakazeka kokushisa kusuka kuseli elihlulekayo ukuya kumaseli angomakhelwane, kuqukethwe noma yisiphi isigameko. Uhlelo lokuphatha ibhethri luqhubeka luqapha i-voltage, izinga lokushisa, nokumelana kwangaphakathi kuyo yonke iseli ephaketheni, luqalise izexwayiso noma lunqamule ibhethri uma kutholakala okungajwayelekile ngaphambi kokuba kukhule. Izinhlelo zokupholisa ezisebenzayo ezisebenzisa i-liquid coolant noma i-refrigerant zigcina amazinga okushisa afanele ngesikhathi sokushaja ngokushesha nokushayela ngamandla aphezulu, okubaluleke kakhulu ezimotweni ezisebenza kahle kakhulu nalezo ezisebenza ezindaweni ezishisayo. Izinqubo eziqinile zokuhlola, okuhlanganisa ukugwaza ngezinzipho, ukushaja ngokweqile, ukuchoboza, nokuhlola ukushaqeka kokushisa, zenziwa ngesikhathi sokuthuthukiswa ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi zonke izinhlelo zokuphepha zisebenza njengoba kuhlosiwe ngaphansi kwezimo ezinzima.

Izindinganiso zokulawula ezifana ne-UN R100 kanye ne-GB 38031 e-China ziyala ukuhlolwa okuqinile okuhlanganisa ukushaja ngokweqile, ukukhipha amandla ngokweqile, ukufushaniswa kwesekethe, ukushaqeka kokushisa, kanye nokuhlukunyezwa kwemishini ukuze kuqinisekiswe amaphakethe ebhethri ukuze asetshenziswe emgwaqweni ezimakethe zazo. Lokhu kuhlolwa kufanisa izimo ezingezinhle kakhulu ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi ngisho noma iseli elilodwa lihluleka kabi, lonke iphakethe alitholi ukushisa okungalawuleki okungase kubeke engcupheni abagibeli noma abasizi bokuqala.I-BMS yezimoto zikagesi ezingama-E-bikes/E-motos/AGV kwa-Fujia Power zihlanganisa ama-algorithms amaningi okuphepha athola ukugcwala ngokweqile, ukwehla kwamandla, kanye nokungalingani kwamaseli ngesikhathi sangempela, ngokuzenzakalelayo kukhipha umthwalo noma ishaja lapho amazinga okuphepha edlulwa. Inkampani Ipulatifomu yamafuiphindise ukuthuthukisa ukuphepha ngokuvumela ukuqapha okukude kanye nokuvuselela i-firmware ngaphezu komoya, okuvumela abaphathi bezimoto ukuthi baphendule ezinkingeni ezingaba khona ngaphambi kokuba zikhule zibe yizimo eziyingozi. Njengoba ukuminyana kwamandla ebhethri kuqhubeka kukhuphuka ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo zebanga, ukubaluleka kwezinhlelo zokuphepha eziyinkimbinkimbi, ezinemingcele eminingi kuzokhula kuphela kuzo zonke izigaba zezimoto. Ukusebenzisana phakathi kwabakhiqizi bamaseli, abathuthukisi be-BMS, nabahlanganisi bezimoto kubalulekile ukuze kugcinwe irekhodi elihle lokuphepha izimoto zikagesi zanamuhla ezilizuzile emkhakheni.

Iminyaka eyishumi ezayo ithembisa izinguquko ezinkulu kubuchwepheshe bamabhethri, njengoba amabhethri asemqoka (solid-state batteries), amaseli e-lithium-sulfur, namabhethri e-sodium-ion wonke eqhubekela phambili esuka ocwaningweni lwaselabhorethri eya ekukhiqizweni okwentengiselwano nokusetshenziswa emhlabeni wangempela. Amabhethri asemqoka afaka esikhundleni se-liquid electrolyte into eqinile ye-ceramic noma ye-polymer, okungenzeka aphindwe kabili ukuminyana kwamandla (energy density) kuyilapho eqeda ubungozi bokuvutha obuhambisana namaseli e-lithium-ion amanje aqukethe ama-organic liquid electrolytes. Abakhiqizi bezimoto abaningi abakhulu nezinkampani ezisungulayo zimemezele izinhlelo zokuqala ukukhiqiza amabhethri asemqoka ngokulinganiselwe ngo-2027 noma ngo-2028, nakuba kusekhona izinselelo ezinkulu ekwandiseni ukukhiqiza, ukuzinza kwe-interfacial, nokwehlisa izindleko ngobuningi. Amabhethri e-sodium-ion anikeza enye indlela ekhangayo yokugcina amandla okwezikhathi eziphansi (low-cost stationary storage) nezimoto zikagesi ezisezingeni lokungena, ngoba i-sodium itholakala kakhulu futhi ishibhile, nakuba ukuminyana kwamandla kwayo kuphansi kunamakhemikhali e-lithium atholakalayo namuhla. Ukuqamba izinto ezintsha ekugayweni kabusha kwamabhethri kubaluleke ngokufanayo, ngoba ukuthola i-lithium, i-cobalt, i-nickel, nethusi emabhethrini asephelile kunciphisa umthelela emvelweni futhi kuqinisekisa amaketanga okutholakala kwezinto zokusetshenziswa ezibalulekile esikhathini esizayo. Imboni iphinde ihlole amabhethri esakhiwo (structural batteries) ahlanganisa ukugcina amandla emzimbeni wemoto ngokwawo, okungenzeka konga isisindo futhi kwandise ibanga ngaphandle kokwandisa usayizi wephakethe.

Ubuchwepheshe bedijithali bubuye buguqula indlela amabhetri aklanywa ngayo, akhiqizwa ngayo, futhi aphathwe ngayo kuyo yonke impilo yawo yokusebenza ngezindlela eziyinkimbinkimbi ezikhulayo. Izinkundla ezisekelwe emafini, njengesixazululo se-Fujia Power samafu sokuphatha ukushintshaniswa kwamabhetri nokuqashisa, zivumela ukuqoqwa kwedatha yesikhathi sangempela kusuka ezinkulungwaneni zamabhetri ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene zokusebenza naseziphrofayilini zokusetshenziswa. Le datha ifaka ama-algorithms okufunda ngomshini abikezela impilo esele ewusizo, alungise izimiso zokushaja, futhi athole izimpawu zakuqala zokonakala okungavamile ngaphambi kokuba kudale ukwehluleka noma izinkinga zokuphepha. Emikhunjini yezimoto ezinamasondo amabili namanxantathu esebenza ezimakethe ezisafufusa, amathuluzi edijithali anjalo athuthukisa kakhulu ukusebenza kahle, anciphise isikhathi sokuma, futhi ehlise izindleko zokulungisa ngokungenelela okusebenzayo. Njengenkampani yezimoto zikagesi etshala imali lapho kuhlangana khona ihadiwe nesofthiwe, i-Fujia Power iyaqhubeka nokuthuthukisa izixazululo ezihlanganisiwe ezixhuma ihadiwe ye-BMS ehlakaniphile nokuhlaziywa okusekelwe emafini ukuze kutholakale imininingwane esebenzisekayo. Inhlanganisela yamakhemikhali angcono, ubuchwepheshe bukagesi obuhlakaniphile, nokuphathwa komjikelezo wokuphila okusekelwe kudatha kuzochaza isizukulwane esilandelayo sezinhlelo zamandla ezimoto zikagesi, okwenza ukuhamba ngogesi kufinyeleleke kalula, kuphephe, futhi kube nenzuzo emabhizinisini emhlabeni wonke.

Uma hlola inkampani yezimoto zikagesi ngobuchwepheshe bebhetri, kufanele ucabangele ukukhetha kwabo kwamakhemikhali ebhetri, ukumbozwa kwewaranti, uhlelo lokulawula ukushisa, kanye nokuthuthuka kohlelo lwabo lokulawula ibhetri. Bheka izinkampani ezinikeza imininingwane ecacile mayelana nomjikelezo wokuphila, amazinga okuncipha, kanye nokusebenza kwebanga langempela ngaphansi kwezimo ezahlukahlukene. Kubalulekile futhi ukuhlola inethiwekhi yabo yesevisi, ukutholakala kwezingxenye, nokuthi banikeza yini ukuqapha okusekelwe emafini kwabaqhubi bezimoto eziningi. Izinkampani ezitshala imali ekuhlanganiseni okuqondile kokukhiqiza amabhetri zivame ukunikeza ukungaguquki okungcono kanye nezindleko eziphansi zesikhathi eside.

Amabhethri amaningi anamuhla e-EV aklanyelwe ukuhlala phakathi kweminyaka engu-8 nengu-15, noma cishe amamayela angu-100,000 kuya kwangu-200,000, kuye ngokwakheka kwamakhemikhali, indlela yokusetshenziswa, nezimo zezulu. Amabhethri e-LFP ngokuvamile anomjikelezo wokuphila omude (imijikelezo engu-2,000 kuya kwengu-5,000) uma kuqhathaniswa namabhethri e-NMC (imijikelezo engu-1,000 kuya kwengu-2,000). Abakhiqizi abaningi banikeza iziqinisekiso ezihlanganisa iminyaka engu-8 noma amamayela angu-100,000 nokugcinwa kwamandla okungenani okungu-70%. Imikhuba efanele yokushaja nokuphathwa kokushisa kunganweba kakhulu ukuphila kwebhethri ngale kwalokhu kulinganiselwa.

Amabhethri e-NMC (nickel manganese cobalt) anikeza amandla aphezulu okugcina amandla, okusho ukuthi uhla oluthe xaxa endaweni efanayo, nokusebenza kangcono esimweni sezulu esibandayo. Amabhethri e-LFP (lithium iron phosphate) anikeza ukuphepha okungcono, impilo ende yokusebenza, izindleko eziphansi, futhi avumelana nemvelo ngenxa yokungabi bikho kwe-cobalt. I-NMC ivame ukusetshenziswa ezimotweni eziphezulu ezihamba ibanga elide, kuyilapho i-LFP isithandwa ezimotweni zikagesi ezingenela abaqalayo neziphakathi nendawo. Ukukhetha phakathi kwazo kuncike ezidingweni ezithile zokusetshenziswa nendawo yokusebenza.

Yebo, ungayishaja i-EV yakho nsuku zonke, kodwa ukuze wandise impilo yebhethri kuyanconywa ukuthi ugcine izinga lokushaja phakathi kuka-20% no-80% ekusetshenzisweni kwansuku zonke. Ukushaja kaningi kufike ku-100% nokukhipha amandla ngokujulile kube ngaphansi kuka-10% kuyasheshisa ukuwohloka kwebhethri, ikakhulukazi kumabhethri e-NMC. Amabhethri e-LFP abekezelela kakhudlwana ukushajwa ngokugcwele, futhi abanye abakhiqizi batusa ukushaja ngokugcwele ngezikhathi ezithile ukuze kuhlanganiswe amaseli. Ukusebenzisa ukushaja okuhleliwe nokugwema amazinga okushisa aphezulu ngesikhathi sokushaja nakho kusiza ukulondoloza impilo yebhethri.

Izinga lokushisa linomthelela omkhulu ekusebenzeni kwamanje kanye nempilo yesikhathi eside yamabhethri e-EV. Amazinga okushisa aphezulu ngaphezu kuka-40°C asheshisa ukuwohloka kwamakhemikhali futhi andise ubungozi bokushisa okungalawuleki, kuyilapho amazinga okushisa aphansi ngaphansi kuka-0°C ehlehlisa okwesikhashana ububanzi obutholakalayo namandla okukhiphayo. Ukushaja emakhazeni amakhulu kungabangela ukumbozwa kwe-lithium okulimaza unomphela i-anode. Iningi lama-EV anamuhla lifaka izinhlelo zokulawula ukushisa ezisebenzayo ezishisisa noma zipholise ibhethri ukuze zigcine amazinga okushisa asebenza kahle, zinciphise le miphumela.

Uhlelo Lokulawula Ibhetri (BMS) ingqondo ebalulekile yokuphepha kwanoma yiliphi iphakethe lebhetri lemoto kagesi, eliqhubeka nokuqapha amandla kagesi, umsinga, kanye nezinga lokushisa lelungu ngalinye lebhetri noma iqembu lamalungu. Livimbela ukushaja ngokweqile, ukukhipha amandla ngokweqile, kanye nezimo zom singa ongaphezu kwamandla okungaholela ekushiseni okungalawuleki noma ukulimala kwamalungu ebhetri. I-BMS iphinde yenze ukulinganisa kwamalungu ebhetri ukuze iqinisekise ukusebenza okufanayo kuwo wonke amalungu, futhi ixhumana nekhompyutha enkulu yemoto ukuze ilungise ukulethwa kwamandla. Amayunithi athuthukile e-BMS angabona izimpawu zakuqala zamaphutha angaphakathi futhi anqamule ibhetri ngaphambi kokuba isimo esiyingozi sithuthuke.

Amabhetri esimo esiqinile (solid-state batteries) athembisa izinzuzo ezinkulu uma eqhathaniswa namabhetri avamile e-lithium-ion, okuhlanganisa ukuminyana kwamandla okuphezulu (okungenzeka kube ngo-2x), izikhathi zokushaja ezisheshayo, nokuphepha okuthuthukisiwe ngenxa ye-electrolyte eqinile engavuthi. Nokho, awakatholakali ukuthi athengiswe ngezinga elikhulu ezintweni zezimoto ngenxa yezinselelo zokukhiqiza, izindleko eziphezulu zokukhiqiza, kanye nezinkinga zokuzinza kwama-interfaces. Ochwepheshe abaningi balindela ukuthi ukukhiqizwa okulinganiselwe kwamabhetri esimo esiqinile kuqale cishe ngo-2027-2028, kanti ukusetshenziswa kabanzi kusekude ngeminyaka embalwa. Okwamanje, ubuchwepheshe bamanje be-lithium-ion buhlala buyisixazululo esisebenzayo nesingabizi kakhulu ezimotweni zikagesi.

Izindleko zokushintsha ibhetri ye-EV ziyahlukahluka kakhulu kuye ngohlobo lwemoto, usayizi webhetri, ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali, kanye nomkhiqizi. Izindleko ezijwayelekile zokushintsha zisukela kumadola angu-5,000 kuya kwangu-20,000 ezimotweni zabagibeli, kanti izinhlobo eziphezulu zisezingeni eliphezulu. Amanani ebhetri ehlala ehlala phansi futhi kulindeleke ukuba aqhubeke ewa njengoba ukukhiqiza kukhula. Abakhiqizi abaningi banikeza iziqinisekiso ezihlanganisa ukushintshwa kwebhetri iminyaka engu-8 noma amamayili angu-100,000, futhi ezinye izinhlelo zokuqasha amabhetri seziqala ukuvela ukuze kwehliswe izindleko zokuqala kubathengi.

Asikho impendulo eyodwa, ngoba abaholi bezinkampani ezahlukene zezimoto zikagesi bahamba phambili ezicini ezahlukene zobuchwepheshe bamabhethri. I-Tesla yaziwa ngokuhlanganisa kwayo okuqondile, ukuphathwa kokushisa, nokukhiqiza ngezinga elikhulu. I-BYD iye yahamba phambili ngebhethri le-LFP Blade eliphephile nelihlala isikhathi eside, futhi ifinyelela ukonga kwezindleko okuhamba phambili embonini. I-Rivian igxile kumaphakethe amabhethri amakhulu, aqinile, enzelwe izimoto zokuhamba eziyinselele. Ukukhetha okungcono kakhulu kuncike ezidingweni zakho ezithile, njengobude bebanga, izindleko, ukuphepha, noma indawo yokusebenza. Kwezamabhizinisi, ukuhlola izindleko zokuba ngumnikazi kanye nengqalasizinda yokusekelwa kubaluleke kakhulu kunokuqhathanisa izimiso kuphela.

Iziteshi zokushintsha amabhethri zivumela abasebenzisi bezithuthuthu zikagesi nezinyawo ezintathu ukuthi bashintshe ibhethri eliphelile balithole elikhokhisiwe ngokugcwele emizuzwini embalwa, kususe isidingo sezikhathi ezinde zokushaja. Umsebenzisi uthola isiteshi nge-app yocingo, avule ikhabethe, afake ibhethri eliphelile, bese ethatha elikhokhisiwe. Isiteshi sizishaja ngokuzenzakalelayo amabhethri ashintshiwe futhi siqaphe isimo sawo ngohlelo lokulawula oluxhunywe kwi-cloud. Leli thuluzi lidume kakhulu e-Asia ezinkambini zezithuthuthu nezinyawo ezintathu, ngoba linciphisa isikhathi sokuma futhi lisusa ukukhathazeka ngobude bebanga kubasebenzi bezohwebo abafana nabathumeli nabadrayiva bezimoto zokugibela.